Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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- P-ISSN1229-0653
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ISSN : 1229-0653
Vol.3 No.1
Abstract
Two related experiments, each based on 60 college students, tested the idea that people can draw informational implications from a single piece of information (consensus information, distinctiveness information, or consistency information) and also make attributions regarding each behavior description they read. As expected, subjects experienced no difficulty drawing implications out of the information given and making attributions of the behavior. The information implications produced supported the predictions made by Orvis et al.(1975) in almost every detail. The fact that terminal information (the information which is implied by but does not imply other kinds of information) did produce attributions is inimical to Orvis et al.'s (1975) position which posits schemata and also to Kelley's (1967) cube theory of attribution. Attempts were made to find laws governing the observed information-implication relations and ways to make predictions without invoking the concept of schema. The notion of an attribution space was introduced, and it was argued that an attribution can be driven not only by confirming information but also by disconfirming information favoring a competing attribution.
Abstract
This article consists of two relatively independent parts: Firstly, a comprehensive methodological framework for understanding intimate relationships was proposed through a critical review of the theories and researches on relationship development. Secondly, an empirical analysis of behavioral events occurred in same-sex friendship development was performed during 14 months longitudinally. Most theories and researches on relationship development have focused upon very restricted aspects of interpersonal relationship. It was strongly suggested in this paper, however, that seven aspects of interpersonal relationship, i.e., attraction to the partner, emotional experiences, attitudes toward important psychological objects, behavioral events, cognitions about the present and the future of the relationship, needs, and situational contexts, must be included for understanding the relationship development. We assumed that the relative importance of those aspects in understanding relationship development is determined by intimacy level and unique chracteristics of dyad. The necessity of longitudinal approach to investigate both the interrelationships and the causal links among those aspects was also emphasised. The changes in interpersonal behavioral events, which actually occurred between the best friends during 14 months, were analyzed as a part of the empirical study dealing with the interrelationships among the important aspect of friendship development. 32 behavioral events among 70 behaviors significantly increased as the friendship progressed. Those 32 behavioral events were interpreted as good indices to discriminate the levels of relationship development. The findings also indicated that the association behaviors, characterized by precipitating interpersonal bondage between the friends, have occurred more frequently in the earier period of friendship development than in the later period. In order to clarify the meanings of behavioral changes, three bipolar dimensional analysis of interpersonal behaviors (association-dissociation, love-hostility, and superordination-subordination) were applied to the same behavioral data. The results revealed that the changes in behavioral event during friendship devleopment were explained effectively in terms of the three dimensional model of interpersonal behavior.
Abstract
On the assumption that attitude statements are differentiated into descriptive and evaluative dimensions, this study reexamines previous results that the more pro a judge's attitude, the more polarized his judgments of attitude statements. In experiment I, it is revealed that the results of previous researches are due to the fact that only "pro" statements are selected. When both sides on the descriptive dimension ("pro" and "anti" statements) are included in attitude statements, differential polarization between pro and anti judges disappears. In experiment II, it is revealed that some subjects cannot differentiate descriptive dimension independently from evaluative dimension of attitude statements. These subjects misinterprete the task as the judgment on the evaluative dimension rather than on the descriptive dimension. As its result, the lower a subject's level of dimensional differentiation, the more polarized his judgments of attitude statements.
Abstract
The present study investigates the influence of supervisors' likings or dislikings of subordinates on their causal attributions of subordinates' work performances. The experimental design of the study is two by two, liking or disliking and success or failure. The subjects of the study are 36 male students of Yon sei University taking an introductory psychology course and assigned randomly to one of the four experimental conditions. The task of subjects is to evaluate proofreadings of another subject(confederate). The liking or disliking between the confederate and the subject is manipulated by the confederate's agreement or disagreement with the subject's opinions on attitudinal issues which are introduced as a personality test to the subjects. The hypotheses of the present study are as follow. First, the supervisor will attribute the successes of the liked subordinate more internally. Second, in contrast, to the failures of the liked subordinate the supervisor will make more external attributions. Third, the supervisor will attribute the successes of the disliked subordinate more externally. Fourth, to the failures of the disliked subordinate the supervisor will make more internal attributions. The results strongly support the 1st, 2nd, and 4th hypotheses but not 3rd hypothesis.
Abstract
The present study hypothesized that (1) the number of beliefs about attributes and common characteristics of the positive other persons are greater than the number of those beliefs of the negative other persons and (2) thus, evaluative strength of the positive other persons are greater than that of negative other persons. Fifty-two male and fifty-two female university students were responded a questionnaire form by writing the name of the positive, negative and neutral other persons of same and opposite sexes, writing down the attributes and common charateristics or common bonds of the persons, and rating those beliefs in terms of likableness and dislikableness. The numbers of attributes and common characteristics of the positive persons are greater than those of the negative and neutral persons. The same pattern of results were obtained for the evaluative strength of those beliefs. These results provide the support for present hypotheses. The female students gave greater number of beliefs than male students, but evaluative strength of those beliefs are not differed between male and female students. The students gave higher evaluative ratings to the opposite sex persons than to the same sex persons and perceived more common charateristics of same-sex persons than those of opposite-sex persons. The implications of these results for the modification and extension of the theories of triadic social relations were discussed.
Abstract
A brief history of crowding research is reviewed. Four major theories concerning crowding which are currently available are surveyed: information overload approach, behavioral constraint approach, Barker's ecological approach, and personal control approach. Especially, the control-attribution model of human crowding proposed by Schmidt and Keating (1979) is reviewed from the contexts of personal control, mediational factors and the consequences of the density and crowding. Furthermore, a new theoretical model is proposed which is a more advanced model than the other models. This model assumes human crowding as a sequential process and clarifies the physical and social conditions, mediating factors, and cumulative effects of crowding. In addition, applications and future perspectives of the model are discussed.
Abstract
The present study is to demonstrate and discuss a new approach to the study of Military Spiritual War Power (MSWP). Since 1976 MSWP was unsuccessfully tried to measure in the Korean Army. In this paper, using the factor analysis (FA), it was shown how to extract the factors of the MSWP, its factor scores and weighted total MSWP score, which were unsolved problems in previous research with the usual item analysis. The MSWP factor scores were then analyzed with other methods of multivariate analysis (MR, CA). By this approach it was possible to construct a system for "diagnosis and treatment" of MSWP. The final aim of this study was to develop a method laying down guidelines on the leadership for troop commanders in the sense of enhancing the MSWP. The expected effects of this study are following: (1) The measurement and control of the MSWP variables. (2) Enhancing the MSWP in small groups. (3) Establishment of command directions to reinforce MSWP in military units. (4) Developing the plan to establish a military policy in MSWP area.
Abstract
The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the Dual-Aspect Model in Person-Evaluation Dimension which was proposed by the present author(Cho, 1982) by examining the developmental changes of person-evaluation categories and impression judgment in two different age groups. For this purpose, three related experiments were conducted using 8th and 11th graders as subjects. In Experiment I, 55 male subjects in each age group were asked to evaluate 53 adjectives which describe personality traits according to the importance-values in forming impression of others in two different contexts: one being the information-dependent-situation and the other being effect-dependent situation. The results showed that, for the 8th grade group, 18 words were identified to describe intellectual traits and 15 words to describe affective traits while, for the 11th grade group, 19 words and 15 words respectively. The words identified as intellectual and affective traits by the two age groups were almost identical. In Experiment II, a stimulus person supposed to possess 20 traits (10 intellectual and 10 affective) was presented to two age groups with the schema to form impressions in the information dependent-situation and in effect-dependent-situation. The main dependent variables were the amount of words in each trait category by free recall and the scores gained in impression judgment. The important results found in the second experiment were as follows: (1) The two age groups differed in their response of free recall. The 11th graders recalled words associated with intellectual traits far more than those associated with affective traits in the information-dependent-situation while they recalled words associated with the affective traits better in the effect-dependent-situation. However, the 8th graders recalled words associated with affective traits better in both situations. (2) The two age groups were different in the scores of their impression judgment. In the 11th grade group, the impressions formed in the information-dependent-situation were extreme compared with the effect-dependent-situation. However, in 8th grade group, the impressions formed in both situations ware identical. In Experiment III, the same stimulus person from the Experiment II was presented to the groups with the schema to form impressions in two dimensions: the good-bad dimension (favorability dimension) and the like-dislike dimension (likability dimension). The dependent measures of the third experiment were, as in the second experiment, the amount of words by free recall and the scores gained in the impression judgment. The main results obtained from this experiment were identical with those from the Experiment II. These results suggest that the present author's Dual-Aspect Model in Person-Evaluation Dimension could be applied successfully to the l1th grade students but not to the 8th grade students. Therefore, from the present study it can be concluded that the two person-evaluation dimensions (favorability dimension and likability dimension) are differentiated in the 11th grade students but not in the 8th grade students.
Abstract
Ethogenics, proposed by an Oxford philosopher Rom Harre and his colleagues, rejects the traditional paradigm of social psychology; the mechanistic model of man, the Humean conception of causality, and logical positivism. Instead they argue for a new paradigm. It includes the anthropomorphic model of man, structural explanation, and the emphasis on action rather than behavior. Ethogenics recommends the flexible use of a variety of methodology opposing rigid experimental method strongly advocated by traditional social psychology. Account analysis, analytical models, and repertory grids are typical of ethogenic methodology. It seems that ethogenics and traditional social psychology tap different aspects of social psychology, and can and should supplement each other in order to give a more complete understanding of human social behavior.
Abstract
Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects that attribution and performance informations have on observers' evaluation of the performer. Observers evaluated performers, artificial stimulus persons, on four dimensions: ability, modesty, honesty, and likability. Self-serving internal attribution for success and external attributions for failure produced low evaluations in general. In contrast, counter self-serving attributions produced higher evaluations. These tendencies were especially strong when performed tasks were thought to be externally determined. 1n the evaluations of performer's ability, performance results were the important determinant. It was especially true when the task is highly ego involved. When the tasks are presumably externally determined, however, attribution informations made significant contribution. Self-serving attributions produced low evaluation on the modesty dimension, and counter self-serving attributions vice versa. And when a other person, a partner, is involved in task and attribution, modesty evaluations became extreme. Honesty evaluations were not sifnigicantly affected by independent variables so much as other dependent measures were. Likability evaluations were strongly affected by performance results when tasks were internally determined. In case of externally determined tasks, performance results x attribution was the most influential factor on the likability evaluation. Interrelationships among dependent variables were examined through multiple regression analyses. In general, modesty ratings were the most powerful predictor. The implications and limitations of these results are discussed.
Abstract
This study was to examine the effects of descriptive persuasion and descriptive persuasion on attitude change. It was assumed that two different meassages, that is, descriptive message and evaluative message, influence differently two basic routes to persuasion mapped by Petty & Cacioppo (1981). This study predicted that attitude change will be made on the evaluative persuasion according to numbers of opinion, while on the descriptive persuasion according to directions of attitude measure. Experiment was conducted by a 2(contents of message) x 2(numbers of opinion) x 2(directions of attitude measure) factorial design. The result of this study suggest that descriptive persuasion was through central route to persuasion, while evaluative persuasion through peripheral route.