Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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ISSN : 1229-0653
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Vol.5 No.1
Abstract
The reliability and of a validity need Affiliation scale (Cha, 1983) were determined on the basis of the results of 3 master's and a doctoral dissertations. The test-retest reliability coefficients of the affiliative tendency score and the sensitivity to rejection score, the two components of the scale, were, respectively, .87 and .91, and the Cronbach's α ranged .11~.82 and .76~.91, respectively, for the two subscales. The affiliative tendency scores were revealed to be independent of the scores of the sensitivity to rejection, the tendency to achieve, the fear of failure, and the approval need. A high affiliative tendency score was associated with (1) a sensitivity to the positivity of rewards, (2) a high tendency to open up and disclose the self, and (3) a tendency to adopt dependency behavior when criticized by other persons. A high need affiliation score (the affiliative tendency + the sensitivity to rejection) was related to (1) a dislike of negative interpersonal relations and (2) a highly developed schema of interpersonal agreement.
Abstract
This study was intended to investigate the effect of social roles (senior and junior role in high school) in the perception of social events, in which senior and junior were opposed to each other. Thus, four experimental conditions was manipulated ; senior perspective contraction condition, junior perspective contraction condition, senior perspective expansion condition, junior perspective expansion condition. As a result, the perceptual dimensions to the social events were changed by the manipulations of perspective contraction or expansion. That is, in perspective contraction condition, the subjects judge events on the evaluative dimension, but, in perspective expansion condition, they judge thoes on the descriptive dimension. Thus, in the former, according to thier roles, they made a biased judgement of liklihood, causality, responsibility, impression formation of events. However, in the latter, this tendancy was reduced.
Abstract
In this article, an attempt is made to critically review the studies in small group benhavior which have been resurged in '80. Considering the application of small group study to Korea, a brief review is made on methodological issues and historical backgrounds on small group. Then, a variety of issues such as group socialization process, group performance & problem-solving, group productivity in organization, group decision-making, groupthink, intergroup prejudice & discrimination, and minority influence are discussed. Furthermore, it is pointed out that we may need to develop a comprehensive framework that organizes and systematizes a bulk of studies thus far, and that encompasses the intra-and-intergroup process in an unified model. It is also pointed out that it is more beneficial to employ multiple methods instead of a confined number of methods, together with pursuing a balance between positive and negative aspects of group in the area of small group dynamics. Finally, it is suggested that social psychologists in Korea actively contribute to and participate in the development and application of small group appraches to social issues in the future.
Abstract
To extract some psychological lessons from the ancient Chinese classics, the author reviewed the works of Mencius, one of the Great Four Books of ancient China, and classified Mencius' main idea into three categories : theories of human nature, of education, and of moral practice. Among these three theories, this paper dealt with Mencius' theory of human nature and its psychological implications. According to Mencius, human being is different from any other animals in that he has 'mind' whose main function is reflection. Through reflection one can aware of one's inborn nature and discriminate what have to do and what have not to do as a human being. In this 'mind', there are inborn beginnings of four virtues which are essential motifs and goals in human life : the beginnings of benevolence(the feeling of commiseration), of righteousness(the feeling of shame and dislike), of propriety(the feeling of modesty and complaisance), and of wisdom(the feeling of approving and disapproving). Thus, he thought that man's inborn nature is good and one can be a sage only if he can preserve and cultivate these beginnings of four virtues. In this vein, he proposed two methods to preserve and cultivate them, which could be derived directly from mind's capacity to reflect : one is self-awareness of his inborn good nature and the other is to practice them in relation with others in everyday life. This is the core of Mencius' theory of hum an nature. From it, we can understand his view of human being. He viewed man as an active and autonomous being to be able to reflect one's nature, a possible being to be able to actualize one's self and a social being lying and living in relation with others. In this context, we can point out some shortcomings of modern psychology ; its radical mechanical reductionism, excessive determinism and individualism. These shortcomings come from mainly its indifference to the human mind (its indifference to the discrepancies between man and animals) and its heavy reliance on natural science. Thus if we admit the Mencius' view of man and the psychology which he may propose from this view, it can be suggested that psychology should transform its subjects and methods of study to be a real human and social science. On this ground, we can extract from Mencius some alternative subjects to study in psychology as a human and social science. They are the study of the self (its dimensions and the relations between them), the study of the activating forces of human actions (their dimensions and the relations with those of self), the study of the ideal state of human being (the steps and methods to reach it) and the study of the human relations (the perspectives to interprete and to understand human social activities).
Abstract
Sex role research in Korea has been hindered by the absence of a sex role inventory which is based on the sex role stereotypes of the Korean society. In this study, a Korean Sex Role Inventory (KSRI) was constructed according to the theory and methods of the androgynous perspective. In a preliminary study, 188 judges rated the desirability of 452 personality characteristics for males and females in Korean society. Following Bem's(1974) procedure for item selection, 20 items each were selected for the masculinity, femininity, and social desirability scales. When administered to 140 college students, the inventory showed high reliabilities for all three scales ranging from .75 to .91, and reasonable degree of external validity with self-esteem as the criterion variable. For national norms, it is necessary to collect more data. Compared to the traslated versions of foreign sex role inventories or the masculinity-femininity scales of the traditional personality tests which do not correspond with androgyny theory, KSRI will be a useful instrument for sex role research in Korea.
Abstract
Two experiments were performed for the purpose of identifying the differences between inferences of ability and of effort in adults. In experiment 1. subjects were given the single information about target person's performance or ability or effort, and were asked to infer the degree of target's effort and ability and to predict target's performance. One-third of the subjects in experiment 2 were given the combined information about ability and effort, and were asked to predict target's performance. The other two groups of subjects were given the combined information about one cause(i.e., ability, effort) and effect(i.e., performance), and were asked to infer the degree of the other cause(i.e., effort, ability). The results were as follows : (1) When the target's ability or effort was high, subjects discounted the degree of effort more than that of ability regardless of performance information. (2) Subjects, as a whole, predicted more degree of performance under high ability condition than under high effort condition. (3) Finally, on subjects' true-false judgments about ability-effort relations, it appeared that people believed that effort is both directly and inversely proportional to ability, but ability is only directly proportional to effort. Based on the above differences, it was discussed that as a cause of performance, ability is distinct from effort in some respects.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the dynamic effects of the affiliation motive, a personal characteristic factor, and the level of power-holding, an environmental factor, upon the cooperative behavior. In the subject screening stage, 568 female university students were tested on the Affiliation Motive Scale (Cha, 1984). And on the base of the result of the subject screening stage, intimacy group and fear of rejection group were divided. In the experimental stage, the Prisoner's Dilemma Game(PDG) was used to manipulate the power level and to measure the degree of cooperative moves. The results of an ANOVA were as follows ; The total mean of cooperative moves score was high. The intimacy motive group cooperated more than the fear of rejection group and the high power group also cooperated more than the low power group. Also, since the intimacy motive group did not influence the power-holding level, they showed high cooperative moves consistently. The fear of rejection group was similar to the intimacy motive group when they were in the high power condition, but in the low power condition, they showed the least cooperative moves.
Abstract
This study was conducted to find out what kind of relationship the Korean traditional collectivism has with sex, age, level of education, and type of marriage. This study investigated 580 married men and women between the age of 31 and 65. Equal number of subjects were sampled for each age and sex group. The results showed that there was no significant sex difference in collectivistic tendency. There was, however, a significant difference in collectivistic tendency between age groups. This is, for both men and women, the older the group, the more collectivistic they were. There was a significant difference in collectivistic tendency among educational groups. This is, the higher the level of edcational received, the less collectivistic they were. There was no significant difference between subjects married for love and those whose marriage was arranged. Subjects living with parents and those not-living with parents did not show any significant difference in their tendency of collectivism.
Abstract
Based on the Cha(1983)'s four-component theory of motive, two scales(male and female scales) were developed, which were intended to measure a person's tendency to approach failure(TAF). The new scales' cross-validated reliability coefficients(Cronbach α) ranged from .78 to .79. The scale scores appeared to be independent of the scores for approach-to-success and avoidance-of-failure, respectively. The independence of the TAF scales from the remaining 3 components of achievement motive, however, seemed not complete, since moderate positive correlations were obtained between the TAF scales and avoidance-of-success scores. As expected, the TAF scores were negatively correlated with the academic records and the I.Q.s of senior high school students. The validity of the TAF scales was partially demonstrated by the fact that problem-students, under-achievers and juvenile delinquents tended to score high on the scales compared to normal high school students.