This study examined the role of self-efficacy in the relation between evaluative concerns and personal standards perfectionism and depression through structural equation modeling. To identify the roles, sample of 431 undergraduate students(175 men and 256 women) completed Hewitt's Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Frost's Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, General Self-efficacy Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory. First, it was assumed that evaluative concerns perfectionism would be mediated with depression by self-efficacy. Second, it was also assumed that personal standards perfectionism would have effects on depression though being moderated by self-efficacy. This findings suggest framework that understands potential mechanisms in the relation between evaluative concerns and personal standards perfectionism and depression in an effort to address more directly what might constitute effective treatment for perfectionistic individuals. Finally the limitations of this study were discussed.
This study investigated the verbal/spatial working memory impairments and the relationship between working memory and neuropsychological functions in patients with schizophrenia. 20 schizophrenic patients and 20 normal controls participated. The verbal working memory and spatial working memory were measured by digit-span test and spatial span test, respectively. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST), Trail Making Test(TMT), Controlled Oral Word Association(COWA) and Korean-California Verbal Learning Test(K-CVLT) were administered to evaluate the neuropsychological functions. The schizophrenic patients showed impaired performances on spatial-span test but not on digit-span test, which indicate that schizophrenic patients have spatial working memory deficit but preserved verbal working memory. The schizophrenic patients showed impairments of such neuropsychological functions as attention, problem-solving and verbal memory. In schizophrenic patients, the verbal working memory has significant correlations with response time of TMT and COWA letter, while spatial working memory has a relationship with perseverant responses of WCST. These results indicate that schizophrenic patients have an impairment of spatial working memory, which seems to be related to prefrontal dysfunction
In this study, the effect of fear stimuli to tast performance on trait anxiety was investigated. It is postulated that if an anxious person receives a certain fear stimulus during any cognitive task, the performance will be interrupted by an activation of danger/threat schemata due to the fear stimulus, and anxiety will be increase even more. According to this hypothesis, the participants were divided two groups: high trait anxiety(highest 25% in the sample) vs. low trait anxiety(lowest 25%). They were demanded typing short sentences and fear or nonfear stimuli were presented in performing the task. The changes in the numbers of error, heart rate, and state anxiety were compared in groups. The results showed that heart rate and the numbers of error were increased in the high trait anxiety group received fear stimuli. However, state anxiety was decreased in contrast to our expectation. It was found that fear stimuli directly affected to heart rate, state anxiety and the numbers of error, while trait anxiety affected to them combined with fear stimuli. Therefore, it is possible that trait anxiety does not have independent effect but works as a moderator.
The purpose of the study was to investigate effects of self-disclosure on anger experience and moderating function of hostility among elementary school children. Five hundred fifty five students of 5th and 6th grader children were administered Cook-Medley Hostility Scale for adolescents. Upper or lower 10% of children in Cook-Medley Hostility Scale score were randomly assigned two self-disclosing conditions. In emotional disclosing condition, participants were asked to write about their traumatic experiences in a way that showing their emotions from the bottom of their hearts during three consecutive sessions. In superficial disclosing condition, participants were asked to write about their daily routines in a superficial way. Obtained Results showed that emotional self-disclosure decreased anger-cognition response significantly more than superficial self-disclosure did. In a case of children who was able to express their emotions, emotional self-disclosure was effective in the high hostile group more than in the low hostile group. In addition, the effects have improved over time. Writings of the students were analyzed using K-LIWC. A qualitative difference was shown between the group which was more effective in self-disclosure and the group which was less effective. It was found that the group who was effective in self-disclosure used increasingly psychological process-related words in general. Especially, positive emotion related words, optimistic activities and cognitive processes increased significantly.
The purpose of the present study was to test Hull(1981)'s Self-Awareness Theory that alcohol intoxication reduces self-focused attention. Specifically, this study investigated the difference between the social threat and no-threat condition on self-focused attention under alcohol or placebo condition. The 45 students with social anxiety scores(SADS, FNE) in the higher 30%ile and alcohol expectancy scores(AEQ) in the higher 50%ile were randomly assigned to the alcohol or placebo groups and the social threat or no-threat groups. And they completed the Focus of Attention Questionnaire. At the result, there were no significant differences on the self-focused attention between the alcohol group and the placebo groups, contrary to Hull's theory. As expected, the social threat group showed significantly higher self-focused attention than no-threat group. This finding suggests that alcohol does not always reduce self-focused attention in socially anxious individuals. Finally, the clinical implications and limitations of present study were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to explore clinical characteristics of children with ADHD. The subject were 61 patients with ADHD, who visited the department psychiatry of K Medical Center. To examine their features of behavior, KPI-C was administerd. The results showed that they were classified delayed developmental type(n=19), family discord type(n=7), emotionally type(n=15) and adjustment type(n=20) and showed statistically significant difference of KPI-C subtype except for DLQ. In this way, because of showing various behavior features, it is necessary to evaluate not only externalized behavior problem of children with ADHD, but various features such as emotion, cognition and family environment.
We attempted to find out, and validated, discriminant functions to differentiate high-risk adolescents of game addiction and low-risk adolescents of game addiction. The participants were 2,197 junior high school and high school students from 32 schools in Gwangju metropolitan city, Suncheon, Yeosu, Mokpo city through the stratified sampling. We divided participants from the 2,197 into two samples (1105 for research, 1092 for cross-validation). We classified high and low risk group as the mean +1 standard deviation (SD) and -1 SD among the 1,105 participants. this yielded 205 adolescents as high and 206 adolescents as low in game addiction. Stepwise discriminant function analysis yielded a function containing 5 variables (friends' positive attitudes to the game, aggression, impulsivity, supervision and control by the parents, interpersonal skills), which was 86.6% accurate in classifying the sample into either high or low in game addiction. To test the validity of the discriminant function, we used 1,092 participants. This yielded 208 adolescents as high and 224 adolescents as low in game addiction. On this validation sample, a function containing 5 variables (friends' positive attitudes to the game, aggression, impulsivity, supervision and control by the parents), classifying 84.3% accurately into either high or low in game addiction. Results suggested that high-risk group of game addiction and low-risk group of game addiction can be differentiated with the measure of friends' positive attitudes to the game, aggression, impulsivity, supervision and control by the parents. Implications for a model of adolescents' game addiction and directions for future research are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderating effect of ego-resiliency on the relationship between test stress and physical symptoms. 450 elementary students were examined in Parent Form Ego-resilience Scale. 40 students who scored highest or lowest in ego-resilience were divided into the experimental or control group matched on their ego-resilience score. Experimental group was expected to take an examination in the near future whereas control group was not. After the intervention, participants were answered on the Test Stress Scale and Physical Symptom Scale. The moderating effect of ego-resilience on the relationship between test stress and physical symptom experience was found. The high ego-resilient group experienced less stress and physical symptoms during the test period than the low ego-resilient group. Results of the study were discussed in relation to previous studies and application to elementary school students' education.