자기초점주의 유형이 자전기억 과일반화와 우울 기분 감소에 미치는 효과: 경험적 및 분석적 자기초점주의
Effects of Experiential and Analytical Self-Focused Attention on Reduction of Over-general Autobiographical Memory and Depressive Mood
초록
본 연구는 자기초점주의의 순기능 및 역기능적 요소에 초점을 맞춰 경험적 자기초점주의를 유도한 집단에서 분석적 초점주의를 유도한 집단 및 참조집단보다 긍정적 및 부정적 자전기억의 일반화와 우울기분이 감소되는지 확인하고자 시도되었다. 613명의 남여 대학생의 CES-D 점수를 바탕으로 우울 점수 상위 20% 이내에 드는 106명을 피험자로 선발하였고, 이들을 분석적 자기초점주의, 경험적 자기초점주의, 주의분산, 그리고 비처치 집단에 무선 할당하였다. 우울기분은 부르널 기분척도(BRUMS), 그리고 자전기억은 Mackinger 등(2000)과 Williams 등(1986)의 절차를 사용하여 평가하였다. 연구 결과, 자전기억 일반화에서는 처치 유형에 따른 차이가 없었고, 분석적 자기초점주의 뿐만이 아니라 경험적 자기초점주의도 우울 감소에 도움이 되지 않았으며, 본 연구에서 참조집단으로 사용한 주의분산 처치가 오히려 우울을 감소시키는데 더 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 이 같은 결과에 대해 주의분산이 가벼운 우울 기분에 더 효과적이고 경험적 자기초점주의 유도는 지속적인 우울과 우울증 재발을 막는데 더 효과적일 것이라고 논의하였다.
- keywords
- experiential and analytical self-focused attention, distraction, over-general autobiographical memory, depressive mood, 경험적 및 분석적 자기초점주의, 주의분산, 자전기억의 과일반화, 우울, experiential and analytical self-focused attention, distraction, over-general autobiographical memory, depressive mood
Abstract
This study hypothesized and examined that experiential self-focused attention, which is an adaptive type of self-focused attention would be superior to analytical self-focused attention and distraction on reduction of over-general autobiographical memory and depressive mood. Among 613 undergraduates 106 depressed subjects were selected based on their scores of the CES-D. The subjects were assigned randomly to one of experiential and analytical self-focused attention, distraction, and non-treatment conditions. All subjects completed the Autobiographical Memory Test and depression test(BRUMS) twice. The findings of this study were as follows; There were no significant differences on over-general autobiographical memory between 4 conditions. But in post treatment there were significant differences on depression, that is the subjects under the distractive condition reported less depressive mood than subjects under the other conditions. In conclusion, this study did not confirm the hypothesis, suggesting distraction, not experiential self-focused attention, was associated with a reduction in depressive mood. Therefore, limitations of this study and suggestions for future studies were discussed.
- keywords
- experiential and analytical self-focused attention, distraction, over-general autobiographical memory, depressive mood, 경험적 및 분석적 자기초점주의, 주의분산, 자전기억의 과일반화, 우울, experiential and analytical self-focused attention, distraction, over-general autobiographical memory, depressive mood
참고문헌
(2004) 국민건강보험공단. 2004. 10. 28. 보도자료,
김은경, (2004) A Survey of Depressive Symptoms among South Korean Adults after the Korean Financial Crisis of Late 1997: Prevalence and Correlates, Annual Epidemiology
김지혜, (1991) 자기초점화주의가 불안에 미치는 영향,
도상금 ; 최진영, (2003) 외상 경험 및 우울과 자서전적 기억의 일반화, 한국심리학회지 임상
왕미란, (1995) 완벽주의,자의식 및 우울성향간의 관계,
이인혜, (2008) 자기초점주의가 자전기억의 과일반화와 우울에 미치는 효과: 자기초점주의의 적응성과 부적응성, 한국심리학회지 임상
이지영, (2005) 자기초점화 주의 성향 척도의 개발:사회적 상황을 중심으로, 한국심리학회지:임상
오경자 ; 정승아, (2004) ‘부적응적 자기초점화 척도’의 개발 및 타당화 연구, 한국심리학회지 임상
조맹제, (1993) 주요우울환자의 예비평가에서 the Center for Epidemiological Studies- Depression Scale(CES-D)의 진단적 타당성 연구, 신경정신의학
최미례, (2003) 스트레스와 우울의 관계에 대한 자아존중감의 중제효과와 매개효과, 한국심리 학회지:임상
최이순, (1991) 우울증과 초점주의의 대상 및 내용, 한국심리학회지:임상
Abramson, L. Y., (1981) Depression, nondepression and cognitive illusions: a reply to Schwart, Journal of Experimental Psychology General
Anderson,E.M., (1996) Factor structure of the private self-consciousness scale, Journal of Personality Assessment
Bahreke,M.S., (1978) Anxiety reduction following exercise and meditation, Cognitive Therapy Research
Beck,A.T., (1967) Depression: Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspect, Harper & Row
Beck,A.T., (1976) Cognitive therapy and emotional disorders, International University Press
Blaney,P.H., (1986) Affect and memory, A review. Psychological Bulletin
Byrne,A., (1993) The effect of exercise on depression, anxiety and other mood states, A review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research
Carver,C.S., (1990) Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view, Psychological Review
Clark, D. M., (1995) A cognitive model of social phobia in : Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment and treatment, The Guilford Press
Crane, C., (2007) The effects of analytical and experiential rumination on autobiographical memory specificity in individuals with a history of major depression, Behaviour Research and Ther
Creed,A.T., (1998) The two faces of private self-consciousness: self report, peer-report, and behavioral correlates, European Journal of Personality
Dalgleish,T., (1990) Biases of attention and memory in disorders of anxiety and depression, Clinical Psychology Review
Dalgleish,T., (2001) Autobiographical memory style in seasonal affective disorder and its relationship to future symptom remission, Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Fenigstein,A., (1978) Self-focusing effects of heart-beat feedback, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Gleser,J., (1990) Exercise and sport in mental health: a review of the literature, Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences
Green,J.D., (1999) Affect and self-focused attention revisited: The role of affect orientation, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
Hayes,S.C., (1996) Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: a functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Ickes, W. J., (1973) Objective self-awareness and self-esteem, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
Ingram,R.E., (1990) Self-focused attention in clinical disorders: review and a conceptual model, Psychological Bulletin
Just,N., (1997) The response styles of depression: tests and an extension of the theory, Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Kuehner,C., (1999) Responses to depression in unipolar depressed patients: an investigation of Nolen-Hoeksema's response styles theory, Psychological Medicine
Kuyken,W., (1995) Autobiographical memory and depression, British Journal of Clinical Psychology
Mackinger,H.F., (2000) Prediction of postnatal affective changes by autobiographical memories, European Psychology
Mackinger,H.F., (2000) Autobiographical memories in women remitted from major depression, Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Matt,G., (1992) Mood-congruent recall of affectively toned stimuli: A meta-analytic review, Clinical Psychology Review
Matthews,G., (1996) Connection models of emotional distress and affectional bias, Cognition and Emotion
Mogg,K., (1998) A cognitive- motivational analysis of anxiety and depression: the role of awareness, British Journal of Clinical Psychology
Mutrie,N., (2000) The relationship between physical activity and clinically-defined depression in : Physical activity and psychological well-being, Routledge
National Institutes of Mental Health, (2001) National Institutes of Mental Health. (2001). The numbers count: mental disorders in America. Retrieved December 20, 2001. From http://www.nimh.gov,
Nolen-Hoeksema,S., (1991) Responses to depression and their effects on duration of depressive episodes, Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Nolen-Hoeksema,S., (2000) The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/ depressive symptoms, Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Nolen-Hoeksema,S., (1993) Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood, Cognition and Emotion
Nolen-Hoeksema,S., (1994) Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Ohayon,M.M., (2006) Prevalence of major depressive disorder in the general population of South Korea, Journal of Psychiatric Research
Peeters,F., (2002) Autobiographical memory specificity and the course of major depressive disorder, Comprehensive Psychiatry
Puffet,A., (1991) Autobiographical memory and major depression states, European Psychiatry
Raglin,J.S., (1990) Exercise and mental health: beneficial and detrimental effects, Sports Medicine
Ramponi,C., (2004) Recollection deficits in dysphoric mood: an effect of schematic models and executive mode, Memory
Rimes,K.A., (2005) The effect of self-focused rumination on global negative self-judgements in depression, Behaviour Research and Therapy
Segal,Z.V., (1988) Appraisal of the self-schema construct in cognitive models of depression, Psychological Bulletin
Segal,Z.V., (2002) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression - a new approach to preventing relapse, Guilford Press
Spielberger,C.D., (1970) Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Consulting Psychologist Press
Stahl,S.M., (1996) Essential psychopharmacology: neuroscientific basis and practical applications, Cambridge University Press
Silvia,P.J., (2004) Are rumination and reflection types of self-focused attention?, Personality and Individual Differences
Sutherland,K., (2007) Rumination and overgeneral autobiographical memory, Behaviour Research and Therapy
Teasdale,J.D., (1999) Emotional processing, three modes of mind and the prevention of relapse in depression, Behavior Research Therapy
Teasdale,J.D., (1995) How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help?, Behavior Research Therapy
Teasdale,J.D., (2000) Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Terry,P.C., (2003) Construct validity of the Profile of Mood States- A for use with adults, Psychology of Sports and Exercise
Thomas,C.M., (2003) Cost of depression among in England in 2000, British J. of Psychiatry
Trapnell,P.D., (1999) Private self-consciousness and the Five-Factor Model of personality: distinguishing rumination from reflection, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Treynor,W., (2003) Rumination reconsidered: a psychometric analysis, Cognitive Therapy and Research
Watkins,E., (2004) Adaptive and maladaptive self-focus in depression, Journal of Affective Disorders
Watkins,E., (2001) Rumination and overgeneral memory in depression: effects of self-focus and analytic thinking, Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Watkins,E., (2000) Decentering and distraction reduce overgeneral autobiographical memory in depression, Psychological Medicine
Wenzlaff, R. M., (1998) Unmasking a cognitive vulnerability to depression: how lapses in mental control reveal depressive thinking, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Williams,J.M.G., (1996) Depression and specificity of autobiographical memory in : Remembering our past: studies in autobiographical memory, Cambridge University Press
Williams,J.M.G., (1986) Autobiographical memory in attempted suicide patients, Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Williams,J.M.C., (1996) The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology, Psychological Bulletin
Williams,J.M.G., (2000) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy reduces overgeneral autobiographical memory in formerly depressed patients, Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Williams,J.M.G., (1997) Cognitive psychology and emotional disorder, Wiley
Williams,J.M.G., (2007) Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder, Psychological Bulletin
Yeung, C. A., Reduced specificity of autobiographical memories following a negative mood induction, Behaviour Research and Therapy
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?-ob+ArticleURL&-aset=V_WA..,
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
- 0KCI 피인용수
- 0WOS 피인용수