Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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ISSN : 1229-0653
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Vol.10 No.1
Abstract
Heider's theoretical framework and other researchers' empirical findings about responsibility judgment(RJ) were reviewed critically in the present paper. In spite of the meanings of responsibility(e.g. moral responsibility, causality, and liability so on) are varied with contexts which it was used, most of researchers including Heider didn't specify them in their works. As a result, their findings are in conflict now. If we classify responsibility into moral responsibility, causality, and liability, most of conflicts in the theoretical and empirical researches of RJ would be resolved. Although several criteria which determine each type of responsibility are different from one another, it seems that they consist of a Guttman-type scale to measure the target's overall responsibility. Finally, some suggestions to be considered for further researches of RJ are mentioned.
Abstract
Current trends in the field of social psychology reflect diversity in its themes and methods for research. Community can become an important topic for psychological research. The present paper examines the needs for community research from social psychological perspective and characterizes social psychological research of community. It reviews major research fields to show how each field may contribute to community research by social psychologists. To compensate for the shortcomings of traditional methods in social psychology for community research, the social representational approach(Moscovici, 1984) can be usefully employed and, thus, discussed in greater details.
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to critically review the major middle range theories in intergroup relations from 1980's. The intergroup theories included in this article are relative deprivation theories, social identity theory, self-categorization theory and attribution approaches to intergroup relations. In addition, equity theory, social impact theory, interdependence theory of social influence, minority influence theory and procedural justice theory among others are partly discussed in relation to the relevant theories. In order to obtain a comprehensive framework that systematize the intragroup and intergroup theories, a two-dimensional classification scheme is presented according to the nature of group relationships(intragroup, intergroup) and levels of analysis(individual, interpersonal and intergroup). It is emphasized that group researchers in Korea ought to take the relationship orientations of the Korean people into account in studying group behaviors and intergroup relations.
Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate a hypothesis that people will integrate their counterattitudinal beliefs in terms of the descriptive values of an attitude object when they experience the arguments which are against their attitudinal evaluations. A pretest was performed to test the participants' attitude towards capital punishment, rated on the evaluative dimensions (e.g., agreedisagree) or the descriptive dimensions (e.g., human right, social order). Participants were then forced to took a role of counterattitudinal role playing in which they were instructed to write their opinions supporting their counterattitude(the cognitive generation condition) or to write their opinions regarding about an issue irrelevant to the attitude object(the cognition blocking condition). After the role playing, a posttest was performed to test the final attitude toward capital punishment. The changed-magnitude between the two tests was measured on the evaluative and descriptive dimensions. As confirming the prediction, the results of the correlational analyses indicated that (1)in the cognition blocking condition, the positive attitude was positively correlated with the value of social order, but negatively with the value of human right, and (2)in the cognitive generation condition, the positive attitude was positively correlated with the value of social order, but not correlated with the value of human right. For the negative attitude, the same trends observed above were obtained. Obviously, after the role playing, participants combined opposing attitudinal beliefs on the evaluative dimension into an attitude by integrating them in terms of descriptive values.
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the controversy on the process of group member's attitude formation between two theories about group polarization. Social comparison theory suggests that group member's attitude is compromised between social value and ingroup norm, on the other hand self-categorization theory proposes that it is determined by conformity to ingroup norm. This problem was likely to be solved by comparisons among personal attitude, ideal and estimated ingroup norm, and these comparisons were expected to have different results according to the level of value clearness. Specifically, it was hypothesized that personal attitude would be more desirable than ingroup norm but less desirable than ideal in value-clean condition, and three measures would be no difference in value-unclean condition. The results of experiment 1 which measured attitude on risky-conservative dimension supported the hypothesis only in value-clean condition. But the results of experiment 2 which manipulated general social desirability supported all hypotheses of both condition and showed significant polarization effect in both condition. These results imply that social comparision theory and self-categorization theory have their own condition more suitably applicable.
Abstract
A Self-Presentation Tactics Scale developed by Lee et al.(1995), measuring individual differences in proclivity for using 13 self-presentation tactics, was translated into Korean. Two studies were carried out to examine psychometric properties of the translated version of the scale. Evidence for discriminant and construct validity is presented. The results indicate that (a)the translated version is highly reliable and valid as the original English version, (b)self-presentation tactics consist of two components: defensive and assertive tactics, and (c)males are more likely than females to use assertive self-presentation tactics. The potential utility of the Self-Presentation Tactics Scale for future research on both the impacts of cultural factors such as individualism-collectivism on self-presentation behavior and the moderating role of individual differences in self-serving attributional bias is discussed.
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to identify the impact of age-related gait features upon the perception of personality attributes, which was based on McArthur & Baron(1983)'s ecological theory of social perception. Study 1, 2, 3 were conducted to investigate the impact of age-related gait qualities on trait impressions, and to compare the results of the study 1, 2, 3 with the studies by Montepare & Zebrowitz-McArthur(1988)'s to see the cross-cultural generality in trait attribution for young gaits. It was predicted that age-related gait qualities will result in cross-culturally consistent trait attribution, but unlike the U.S. subjects, Korean subjects will perceive younger walkers to be more dominant than older walkers. In study 1, subjects observed from 6- to 72-year-old walkers depicted in point-light displays, and rated the walkers' traits, gaits, and ages. Younger walkers were perceived to be more powerful and happier than older walkers. In study 2, subjects observed young adult walkers depicted in point-light displays, than rated their trait, gaits, and ages. Consistent with the effects of real age found in study 1, young adults with youthful gaits were perceived to be more powerful and happier than peers wit older gaits. Study 3 replicated study 2 using displays showing walkers' full bodies and faces. A youthful gait predicted trait impresions even when subjects could identify the walkers' age and sex. The findings showed cross-cultural similarities in trait attribution for age-related gait qualities, hence, supported the hypothetical prediction.
Abstract
Two experiments using industriousness as dependent variable were conducted to confirm the powerful effect of concern for mother on self-control in working hard setting. Fifth grade right-handed children who were treated with one of three experimental conditions copied mirror-image letters with their left hand. This task was very laborious and tedious to children. Industriousness in performing task was measured based on individual performance in exercise session. Children participating in experiment 1 showed different patterns of performance according to their sex. Male children in the condition of reward for mother performed more ardently than those both in reward for self condition and in control condition. But there were no difference in performance among conditions in female children. In experiment 2 making exercise time longer, there disappeared the sex difference found in experiment 1. The result of experiment 2 was identical with the result of obtained in male subjects in experiment 1. The result of this study was consistent with previous findings(Chong, 1994). This result supported Chong's proposal for sources of self-control(1994): The effect of self-control to get one's own benefit is limited but the effect of self-control to give benefit to significant other is powerful.
Abstract
Since Goldberg's influential study demonstrated an evaluative bias against women by showing that evaluation of the same article came out lower when attributed to a woman author compared to a man, many studies have adopted the experimental paradigm. The accumulated results are inconsistent, however, and a recent study using meta-analysis concluded that there is little evidence of gender-biased evaluations. The present study has two major purposes. The first is to examine if the western results in gender bias in evaluation is replicated in the Korean culture, and the second is to test the effects of gender schema and authoritarianism in evaluations. One hundred and forty-seven subjects answered a questionaire which included 4 articles attributed to male or female authors, the Korean Sex Role Inventory, and the authoritarianism scale. Overall, the results did not show any significant gender-bias in evaluations, replicating the results of previous studies. When the results were analyzed by groups differing in schema use, however, it was found that some people are indeed biased against women in their evaluations. For one of the four articles which deals with ambitions of the youths(masculine connotations), masculine sex-typed subjects and highly authoritarian subjects evaluated the article more highly when it was attributed to a man than a woman. Androgynous subjects and non-authoritarian subjects did not show any gender bias. These results suggest that it is yet premature to conclude that gender bias in evaluation does not exist any more. On the whole, it may be fading away gradually, but it is still alive and exerting its influence in a significant part of the population, namely those who use stereotyped schemas.