Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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- P-ISSN1229-0653
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ISSN : 1229-0653
Vol.13 No.1
Abstract
The recent research and theories on prjudice and stereotypes are reviewed. The categorization processes, the process of social identity and the processes of stereotypes as cognitive shortcuts as well as the processes of stereotypes being affected by motivation and moods were discussed as cognitive bases of prejudice. Future research in this research area which needs more attention was also proposed. The research which emphasized the affective basis of prejudice was reviewed and the future research exploring the relative importance of these cognitive and affective bases of prejudice was proposed. The new research field exploring the processes and the consequences of the perception of prejudice and discrimination by the minority group members was also introduced in the present paper. Finally, psychological devices and schemes for reducing prejudice and intergroup conflicts in a society, applying these psychological research on prejudice were proposed: recategorization, decategorization and the subgrouping of the superordinate category, providing information which is inconsistent with the stereotypes and which cannot be discounted as exceptions, the priming of the counterstereotypes and the superordinate categories, enhancing the motivation for accurate information processing toward the target, enhancing the motivation for controlling one's prejudiced responses, the contact and the vicarious contact with outgroup members, the empathy with the stigmatized group members, and finally the formation of and the integrative education for social norms supporting and nurturing the unprejudiced attitudes and values of the members of the society were proposed.
Abstract
Integrative complexity refers to the extent to which people search for and monitor information, try to predict various outcomes and reactions, and consider multiple options and strategies. It focuses on the cognitive structure rather than the content of information processing, and is measured in terms of differentiation and integration. The present study explores the impact of economic crisis and political transition in Korea on integrative complexity expressed in newspaper columns and the bulletins of political parties. In study 1, integrative complexity scoring was performed on newspaper columns. Complexity declined with recognition of economic crisis, was lowest right after the IMF bail-out. Complexity was lowest during the election campaign, and rose again after the election. In study 2, paragraphs randomly sampled from the bulletins of Hannara-dang and Kukminwhey were analyzed to see how complexity was influenced by the first peaceful turn-over of political power. The complexity expressed in the bulletin of Hannara-dang declined as it lost the reins of government, but it did not show any decline during the election campaign. The complexity expressed in the bulletin of Kukminwhey was initially high due to its progressive tendency, then sharply declined during the election campaign, and then increased after it seized power. Integrative complexity of Newspaper columns and the bulletins of political parties was found to be sensitive to economic and political situation, which might be a way of coping with the crisis.
Abstract
In this study, the relationships between personal self-esteem and status of social group and collective self-esteem were examined. In addition whether general collective self-esteem represent specific collective self-esteem about various groups was tested. Personal self-esteem and collective self-esteem were measured. The data was gathered from two universities which were regarded as having different social status. Various collective self-esteem of different kinds of social groups(eg, general group, university, sex, small group which survey participants attended) were surveyed. The collective self-esteems about concrete groups(university, sex, and small group) were correlated moderately with general collective self-esteem. The results of regression analysis showed that personal self-esteem is a significant indicator of all collective self-esteems regardless of the group status. Group status is a main factor that influences collective self-esteem about university. The unexpected result was the effect of group status on collective self-esteems on sex group, especially on the private collective self-esteem and identical collective self-esteem sub-scale. In conclusion, individuals who have high personal self-esteem have high collective self-esteem than there of individuals who has low personal self-esteem. And the higher the status of group which individual belong to, collective self-esteem about the group was higher. But the difference of group status was inflexible, it was considered that high personal self-esteem individuals who belongs to low status group accept the status of groups.
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test a 3-level attitude change model proposed by Na(1998). Instead of "high involvement → high elaboration" hypothesis in ELM (elaboration likelihood model), the extended 3-level attitude change model assumes "moderate involvement → high elaboration → objective processing," similar to the framework of arousal-performance relationship. Not only low involvement but also extremely high involvement (and potentially high arousal level) intrinsic in strong attitudes may impede the objective processing. Thus, differential effect of strong and weak messages on attitude change is predicted only in moderate attitudes due to the optimum level of involvement and arousal. Experimental designs were 3(attitude strengths) x 2(message strengths) between-subjects factorial design for Experiment 1, and 3(attitude strengths) x 2(message strengths) x 2(ingroup vs. outgroup sources) for Experiment 2. Dependent variables were the amount of attitude change, the types of cognitive responses, and the evaluation of message persuasiveness. As predicted by the 3-level model, only the moderate attitude holders demonstrated greater attitude change when given a strong rather than a weak message in Experiment I and in the ingroup source data of Experiment 2. Weak attitude holders showed considerable attitude change and strong attitude holders showed resistance regardless of message strengths. When given a strong message (Experiment 1) or when given a strong message from an outgroup source (Experiment 2), a boomerang effect was observed beyond a simple resistance. In both the experiments, counter-message arguments were relatively more generated by strong attitude holders, pro-message arguments more by moderate attitude holders, and indifference appeals more by weak attitude holders, supporting the 3-level model. Attitude strengths were highly correlated with integral affect as predicted. Moreover, it was also proved that the effect of initial conviction on the de-valuation of message persuasiveness was mediated by the strength of negative emotions (i.e., arousal level) agitated by the counter-attitudinal message.
Abstract
A resource dilemma, a special case of a social dilemma, simulates a situation in which a group of individuals can "harvest" resources from a common resource pool. But if they overharvest from the common pool, the pool can become "extinct". Thus, each member's decision must consider the future level of the pool as well as the current level. The effects of impression management were investigated in a resource dilemma situation. Groups of four subjects (undergraduate students) were asked to harvest points from a replenishable resource pool. Two factors were crossed in a factorial design: group membership (ingroup vs outgroup membership) and feedback type (individual vs aggregated group level). The primary dependent measure was mean group harvest. Results showed that the two-way interaction effect was significant. Subjects of the groups composed of out-group members harvested more when feedback information was presented in the aggregated group level than when it was presented in the individual level. The results were discussed in the cultural psychological perspectives.
Abstract
The present study attempted to investigate the impact of task sucess and failure on outcome-biased inferences. In the first phase of the present study, the group membership was manipulated by performing picture arrangement test. The subjects were divided into two groups, high group and low group. The members of two groups answered three items intended to assess the ingroup and outgroup memebers' preference, intelligence, and competence. In the second phase of the study, the members of high group and low group were required to perform group decision making task. After completing group decision making task, the outcome of each group was manipulated so one group succeed and another group failed. The subjects answered the same questions with previous items. In the success condition, analysis of subjects' inferences revealed effects of outcome-biases. The subjects judged ingroup members to be more intelligent and competent when they succeed the task. The inferences made after the second phase were more positive than those made after the first phase. But in the fail condition, subjects did not make outcome biased inferences, perceiving both ingroup members and outgroup members as of about equal intelligence and competence. In this study, we were able to demonstrate the motivational effects on outcome biased inferences.
Abstract
I proposed a model that altruism, ingroup favoritism, and collectivism should be mediated by the process of self-expansion. Self-expansion, which means inclusion of others into one's self-definition, is supposed to occur to satisfy such social motivations as needs for interpersonal support, self-worth, and (especially in the collectivism of Koreans) escape from the fear of non-being after death. Korean students from three colleges and elders completed the questionnaires measuring (a)self-expansion(Aron-Aron's IOS Scale), (b)expectations for social supports of others, (c)identification(reflection) to others, (d)collectivistic behavior tendencies(self-sacrificing and favoring ingroup members), and (e)Death Anxiety Questionnaire. Males and elders were found to be more collectivistic than their counterparts. Collectivism decreased as the modernization of the city of the colleges increased. Covariance structure modelling analyses revealed that "Self-Expansion→Motivation→Behavior" model and its two equivalent models("Self-Expansion←Motivation←Behavior" and "Self-Expansion←Motivation→Behavior" model) fit best with the data.
Abstract
The present study attempted to investigate the effects of the message type and the group category of the source of a message on regional prejudice. Specifically, we hypothesized that the emotional message would be more persuasive when the source was an in-group member of the recipient than when he was an out-group member, in comparison with the rational message. We also hypothesized that the persuasive effect of an emotional message would be through the emotional elaboration that the message elicited, while that of the rational message would be due to the cognitive elaboration. To test these hypotheses, participants listened to the emotional or rational message, indicating the negative effects of regional conflicts in Korea. The message was delivered thriough a tape recording either by Yongnam, Honam or Seoul source, manipulated by dialects. The results obtained a significant interaction effect of the message type and the source`s group category on attitude ratings. That is, the emotional message, unlike the rational message, was more persuasive when it was delivered by an in-group source than an out-group source. This result indicated that the emotional message which had been relatively ignored in persuasion research area could be as effective as the rational message, in changing prejudiced attitudes. However, the results failed to clarify the specific mechanism through which the emotional message elicited persuasion. These results were discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implications.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between unrealistic optimism and independent-interdependent construals of self in Korean culture, which has been assumed through cross-cultural studies. In assumption that independent construal and interdependent construal of self are relatively independent, we studied Korean students' optimism bias. As result, in contrast to Japanese students who showed strong unrealistic pessimism bias, Korean students showed unrealistic optimism bias. And though their independent construal of self was weaker than their interdependent construal of self, it was considerably stronger than Japanese independent construal of self. Furthermore, optimism bias was related to the independent view of self, but it wasn't related to the interdependent view of self. These results suggest that pessimism bias of the Japanese is not due to the strong interdependent view of self but to the weak independent view of self, and that the Koreans showed optimism bias because they have rather strong independent construal of self as well as strong interdependent construal of self on which Eastern cultures insist. We also discussed universality and diversity of independent-interdependent construals of self and proposed the concept of religious world view as anther cultural factor that explains unrealistic optimism.
Abstract
The present study was conceived as an exploratory study of interpersonal scenario(Kelley, 1983a) and focused on relations affects(or interpersonal affects), as distinguished from emotions(e.g, fear, anger, joy, happiness) and simple affects(e.g, pleasantness) commonly studied in psychology. College students were presented with 18 relations affects comprising 9 affect dimensions(close vs. distant; grateful vs. resentful; humble vs. contentious; human vs. inhuman; honest vs. dishonest; tolerant vs. intolerant; kind vs. unkind; fair vs. unfair; trustworthy vs. untrustworthy) and were asked to indicate other's behaviors that are most likely to engender a given affect in themselves. Behaviors cited were grouped for each affect. The results showed that a small number of categories of other's behaviors(situations) are specifically associated with a particular affect and that these situations did not overlap among affects. Implications for interpersonal scenario were discussed.
Abstract
The present study was intended to analyse psychological foundations on and functions in which Cheong and Cheong relationships operate in everyday life of Koreans. Empirical self-reports were obtained from 74 undergraduate students in terms of specific case references. Data were content-analysed and cross-validated against earlier conceptualisations and empirical findings on Cheong. Comparative analysis of data obtained from different groups of subjects and with different methods revealed both consistent and coherent results. So, the earlier data were conglomerated with the present data in complementary way. The psychological nature of Cheong-mind was characterized with three major dimensions; 1)identification of we-connoting oneness and sameness, 2)disposal of the same kind of mind of helping him/herself to the counterpart persons in Cheong relationships, and 3)being void of self-consciousness about one's own self and behavior in the context with the counterpart persons. The types of activities implying Cheong-mind to the counterpart persons were characterized with 'giving calls and visits', 'giving helpings and supports', and 'giving authentic personal mind', which psychologically correspond to the psychological nature of Cheong-mind. The teleological functions of Cheong were geared more into psychological rather than practical benefits. The major functions of Cheong were consisted of 'sense of having helping hands' and 'feeling of liberation, freedom, and comfort just as when one is alone, even when with the person in Cheong relationship but who is ultimately another individuality of one's social concern'. Those functions were related more to having guarantee which could be beneficial to oneself when future necessity for the use of guarantee would arise, rather than to procuring practical help referenced to the immediate needs. In this connection, the functions of Cheong were metaphored as 'psychological-insurance'. The findings above implicate that the persons tied with Cheong-mind become incorporated into 'step-family-members' socially formulated, and thus could function as 'acting family agent'.
Abstract
Facilitatory and inhibitory effects of stereotype activation on recall of traits were studied. And the reason for what stereotype activation have an inhibitory effect on inconsistent traits was also studied. It was proposed that priming a category level would improve recall of stereotype-consistent traits and obstruct recall of inconsistent traits. In first experiments, primed subjects were compared to no-primed control subjects, and comparisons were made between consistent, inconsistent, irrelevant traits. The predicted facilitatory and inhibitory effects were both obtained, suggesting that stereotype activation actively increase the retrieval probability of consis- tent traits and also actively decreases the retrieval probability of inconsistent traits. And second experiment showed that when stereotype is activated, the reason why inconsistent traits is inhibited was not because of negative association between a stereotype and its inconsistent traits but because of lateral inhibition in order to improve a representation coherence. The implications of my findings with respect to impression formation and stereotyping are discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to examine the similarity-attraction hypotheses in personal and social self-categorization situations. It was hypothesized that, based upon self-categorization theory, similarity will be operative to personal attraction in personal self-categorization context. On the other hand, both similarity and dissimilarity will be operative to social attraction in social self-categorization context, depending upon the ingroup norm for achieving high performance. More specifically, the following predictions were proposed and examined in two independent laboratory experiments: (1)High attitude similarity would lead to high personal attraction in interpersonal comparison situation; (2)High attitude similarity would lead to high social attraction when group performance task requires homogeneity among ingroup members to achieve high performance in intergroup comparison situation; (3)Low attitude similarity would lead to high social attraction when group performance requires diversity among ingroup members to achieve high performance in intergroup comparison situation; (4)The relations between attitude similarity and attraction would be mediated by expectancy. The obtained results were consistent with the above mentioned predictions (1), (2), and (3). The prediction (4), a mediation effect of expectancy between attitude similarity and attractions, were partly supported in two experiments. The main findings were discussed in terms of the traditional theories of similarity-attraction hypotheses and self-categorization theory.