Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology

Abstract

The present study explored the predictors of integrative complexity of reasoning and integrativeness of negotiations in policy issues designed to activate conflicts between different pairs of basic social-political values. In study 1, regression analyses revealed that the integrative complexity of people's reasoning about policy issues could be predicted from (1) the similarity of the importance rankings of the conflicting values(the extent of value conflict), (2) the mean importance ranking of the two conflicting values, and (3) the interaction of these two terms. Individual differences in liberalism-conservatism contributed little to the prediction of integrative complexity after the predictive power of domain-specific value conflict was controlled. The predictions of the value pluralism model were all supported. In study 2, people turned out to be more integratively complex when given a role with high accountability. People also reached more integrative negotiations as the integrative complexity of reasoning increased.

Abstract

The present study tried to identify 1) if the six factors of psychological well-being suggested in Western cultures were similar in Korean culture, 2) the relationship between PWB and SWB, 3) how the relationship between PWB and SWB was different according to gender and age. A sample of 578 men and women(age of between 20s and 60s) completed a questionnaire survey. Results showed that first, as suggested in previous studies, six-factor model was the best-fitting model in explaining PWB. Second, although both Self Acceptance and Environmental Mastery showed the highest correlation with all three factors of SWB as in the previous studies, Positive Relations with Others, the factor that was not important in the studies in Western culture, was also important in explaining SWB. Third, with regarding with gender, Purpose in Life was relatively more important in predicting men's SWB whereas Personal Growth was relatively more important in predicting women's SWB. Also, Self Acceptance and Environmental mastery were important factors for other age groups' SWB whereas Personal Growth, Positive Relationship with Others, and Purpose in Life were important factors for older groups' SWB. Finally, results revealed in the present study were compared with previous results and limitations of the study were discussed.

Abstract

The Purpose of this study is to test the covariance structural models that include the effects of attributions on marital satisfaction, partner evaluation, and intention to terminate marriage. This study propose a model that includes paths which attributions to spouse's behavior affect marital satisfaction and spouse evaluation directly on the one hand, and on the other hand, divorce intention via expectation that the spouse will show similar behavior indirectly. In order to test the fittness of this model and each detailed path, covariance structure analysis was performed using the data collected from 493 married people (male 246, female 247). The locus of spouse, dyad relationship, self-spouse, stability, globality, and intent were used as attribution dimensions of spouse behavior. The results revealed that this model was well-fitted to the data. among the specific examinations of the relationship, most of the hypotheses were confirmed. Unsupported hypotheses were as follow: The locus dimension in positive behavior and the dimension of both sides in negative behavior did not affect the evaluation of the significantly. While the locus dimension of positive behavior did not affect marital satisfaction and spouse evaluation, contrary to the hypothesis, the self-spouse attribution that measured only a part of the external endpoints did affect marital satisfaction and spouse evaluation. This result shows that if we use the locus dimension that includes external circumstance and the self, we neglect the important that should be considered in the relationship situation. It was suggested that we need further studies to deal with the effect of the attribution dimensions according to causal of attribution expanding the existing taxonomy of causality in causal attribution. Finally, the significance, implications, and limitations of this study were discussed, and topics to be investigated in the further study were mentioned.

Abstract

Chemyon, social face in Confucian societies, has been observed as having influence on individual's behaviors and interpersonal relationships. However, few studies have been undertaken to investigate its psychological structures and processes. The present studies were performed to (a) develop a Chemyon-oriented Behaviors Scale (COBS) measuring individual differences in proclivity for doing Chemyon-oriented behaviors, (b) examine the dimensions of Chemyon and (c) examine the effects of other's evaluation of Chemyon on self-esteem. The results of Study 1 indicate that the COBS is internally consistent and that the COBS shows adequate discriminant validity. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrates that Chemyon consists of two distinct components : constructive and defensive Chemyon, and that these two components are significantly correlated. In Study 2, when participants' ability Chemyon was negatively evaluated by an expert, they felt shame and defined themselves defensively, and reported enhanced self-esteem as compared to when they were not evaluated. Conceptual differences between Chemyon and social face in western culture are discussed.

Abstract

The knowledge structure of individuals' attitude is divided into three : having little knowledge about an attitude object(Type I), having knowledge about either a positive or a negative aspect of the object(Type 2), and having knowledge about both positive and negative aspects(Type 3). This study investigated whether the differences in the information-processing mode depended on the knowledge structure of individuals' attitude(Experiment I and II) and what made cognitive characteristics of individuals different (Experiment III). In Experiment I and II, Type 1 and 2 were found to do the peripheral-route processing in which attitude change could be made by peripheral cues (e.g., expert-nonexpert). On the contrary, Type 3 did the central-route processing in which attitude change could be made by central cues (e.g., strength of the message). The result of Experiment III showed that the positive and negative attitudes of Type l and 2 were bipolar. In contrast, dual were Type 3. This means that Type 1 and 2 have cognitive simplicity and Type 3 has cognitive complexity. In addition, the degree to which subjects differentiated on the descriptive and evaluative dimensions depended on the structure of knowledge. Type 1 did not differentiate on both descriptive and evaluative dimensions. Type 2 differentiated well on the evaluative dimension but not on the descriptive dimension and Type 3 was vise versa. The results imply that information-processing mode has qualitative differences depending on knowledge structure and these differences are the result of cognitive complexity. Thus, the necessity of qualitative as well as quantitative aspects of an individual's attitude assessment and the possibility of attitude's qualitative development are discussed.

Abstract

To inverstigate the relationship between respondents' cultural dispositions and their focus of attention in some self-related areas, Korean high school students (n＝624: Study 1) and college students (n＝239: Study 2) participated and were divided into 2 groups: idiocentrics who have individualistic cultural disposition and allocentrics who have collectivist cultural disposition according to their scores on the Individualism-Collectivism Scale. We compared their responses on the 4 scales/questionaires: Self-Consciousness Scale, Depressive Experience Questionaire, False Uniqueness Perception Questionaire and False Consensus Perception Questionaire. As anticipated, the followings were found: Idiocintrics have strong private self-consciousness, are vulnerable to efficacy depression, and exaggerate their uniqueness in various abilities and individualistic traits; In contrast with idiocentrics, allocentrics have strong public self-consciousness, are vulnerable to dependency depression, and exaggerate their similarities with others in various tastes/hobbies and opinions/attitudes/values. On the bases of these results, it was discussed that idiocentric's attention is focused mostly to his/her own inner personal chatacteristics, while allocentric attends mostly to significant others and ingroup norms.

Abstract

This study assessed the ability of the theory of planned behavior(TPB) to account for drivers' intention and behavior of drinking and driving, comparing other alternative models. A sample of drivers(N=411) was surveyed with questionnaire constructed to measure attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavior control, past behavior, habit, obligation, and behavior intention and drunk driving behavior for 1 month. Results showed the addition of past behavior and habit led to the most significant increments(19.5%) in amount of explained variance in intentions and the most significant increments(17%) in drinking and driving behavior, thereby supporting other model instead of TPB. An alternative model was suggested at the based on findings. The limitations of this study and future directions for further study were discussed.

Abstract

The present research explored whether and how regulatory focus influences the activation of counterfactuals (thought of what might have been). Previous research proposed that upward counterfactuals (thoughts of better alternatives), as opposed to downward counterfactuals (thoughts of worse alternatives), serve a preparative function. However, Higgins (1997) proposed a theory of regulatory focus that states that preparative goals can be promotion-related (i.e., to attain desired end-states) or prevention-related (i.e., to prevent undesired end-states). Experiments 1 and 2 examined the proposition that regulatory focus moderates the preparative function of upward and downward counterfactuals. Downward counterfactuals were more frequently generated under a prevention focus than under a promotion focus (Experiment 1). Regulatory focus moderated the effects of outcome valence on upward counterfactual generation: upward counterfactuals were more frequently generated in response to negative, as opposed to positive, outcomes only under a promotion rather than prevention focus (Experiment 2). These findings provide initial support for the proposition that counterfactual thinking is goal-driven: upward counterfactuals are more likely to be associated with promotion than prevention, whereas downward counterfactuals are more likely to be associated with prevention than promotion.

Abstract