Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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- P-ISSN1229-0653
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-0653
Vol.6 No.2
Abstract
For exploring the cognitive mechanism of aggression in adolescents, two studies had been done. In study 1, 5th and 6th grade(N=20), 8th grade(N=20), and high school juniors(N=20) watched the film and then were asked to judge the ambiguous scenes whether they were aggressive or not. Comparing with the neutral film, for the high school juniors more aggressive thoughts were activated after viewing the aggressive film. The second study was aimed at the social information processing of the aggressive adolescents. Among 261 high school juniors the aggressive group(N=46) and nonaggressive group(N=47) were selected. They were presented 5 ambiguous problem situations, and asked to judge them and to write the response. In the results, comparing with the nonaggressive group, the aggressive adolescents judged those situations as aggressive one, generated more aggressive responses and evaluated the agressive behaviors as the positve one. Concerning the social information processing of the agressive film in the aggressive adolescent, futher research in the future is needed.
Abstract
This study was intended to investigate the effect of position involvement in the perception of social conflict situation. Thus, two experimental conditions were manipulated ; position involvement condition, position non-involvement condition. In position involvement condition, the subjects were given the role to represent a party, but, in position non-involvement condition, they were given the role to mediate two parties in which supported exemination system or recommendation system as 'a way of incoming employee selection(attitude topic)'. As a result, in the former, they attributed their conflict partner's behavior to his disposition, but, in the latter, they attributed it to his situation. And, in position involvement condition, their affect to him was polarized, but, in position non-involvement condition, it was neutralized. Finally, in the subjects' conflict resolution strategies, position involvement condition differed from position non-involvement condition. That is, in the former, the subjects tried to resolve the conflict situation with bipolarity resolution strategies, but, in the latter, they tried to resolve it with duality resolution strategies.
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to test two hypotheses on identity-relevant beliefs : (1) that individuals' beliefs relevant to their important group identities will resist more to persuasion than identity-irrelevant beliefs, and (2) that differential supports for initial beliefs from an ingroup and an outgroup(i.e., support from most of ingroup members and opposition from most of outgroup members) will bring about greater resistance to belief change than non-differential maximum supports(supports from most of ingroup and outgroup members), though the latter provides higher level of general social support than the former. Experiments 1 and 2 addressed Yale undergraduate students' major-relevant beliefs(science majors vs. humanities majors), and Experiment 3 dealt with their feminism-relevant beliefs(female feminists vs. male non-feminists). Computer presentation methods were used in all the three experiments : For each issue, subjects were first asked (1) to express their own initial belief, (2) to observe their ingroup's and outgroup's belief distributions and to read a communication attacking their initial belief, and finally (3) to express their own belief on the same issue again. The first hypothesis was supported by the results of Experiment 1, and the second by those of Experiment 2 and Experiment 3(female feminists' responses). In addition, it was revealed that ingroup support could predict belief resistance positively but outgroup support negatively. This implies that threat or attack(rather than support) from an outgroup might induce the resistance of identity-relevant beliefs to persuasion.
Abstract
The first analysis examined whether the Korean adolescents' concept of family coincides with the collectivistic concept of extended family or with the individualistic concept of atomic family. A vector model which is a subclass of analyses under the common label "multidimensional unfolding" revealed that Korean adolescents collectivistically conceive "family" as an extended kinship network as having been argued by many cross-cultural investigators. An interesting result from the first analysis was that those adolescents rated "Nation" as more important than "Neighbor" to themselves, which was interpreted to be resulted from the long period of centralized political control in the history of Korean peninsular. The second analysis indicated that collectivistic ideology among Korean adolescents was largely unrelated with other values such as son preference, female virginity, personal dignity, and social power. The positive and negative sides of these findings were discussed in terms of cultural integrity of Korean society and social adaptation of Korean adolescents.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the sense of community of the Koreans and the United States from individulist-collectivist perspectives, 198 Korean and 184 American subjects were used for this study. All subjects were volunteer, married, male adults who have an occupation, at least some college education, and live in urban areas. Total sense of community was similar between the Korean and U.S. subjects. The sense of community toward alumni associations and distant relatives of Koreans were stronger than that of Americans. American subjects showed stronger sense of community toward religious groups, immediate family, and friends than did the Korean subjects. Korean subjects had more involuntary ingroups than Americans and the latter had more voluntary ingroups than the former. Several implications were discussed regarding application of American community psychology in Korea consonant with the culture of the Korean society.
Abstract
In two experiments we investigated the cause of the subjects' evaluations of groups in illusory correlation paradigms. In exeperiment 1 there was no difference in the numbers of stimulus informations favored group A or group B. However group A was evaluated more positively than group B. This result showed that the subjects' differential evaluations found in illusory correlation paradigms were not caused by the differences in the numbers of relative informations presented as was assumed in the Woo-Young Chun and Hoon-Koo Lee(1991). The exeperiment 2 showed that subjects' differential evaluations of the two groups were caused by the differences in the numbers of informations representing group which influence the subjects to evaluate the nature of a group as "good" or "bad". Also, as in the results of the previous study of Woo-Young Chun and Hoon-Koo Lee(1991), even in the absence of the ditinctiveness co-occurrence in the encoding stage, the subjects' errors of estimation and recognition errors occured and the differential evaluation of the group was maintained. These results altogether suggest that the evaluations of groups and perceptual errors are not the result of the subjects' overestimations of the correlation between the minority group and infrequent informations in the encoding stage. Implications of the experiments for the formation of group streotypes are discussed.
Abstract
This study was performed to examine the relative validity of the single process model and the dual process model in majority and minority influences through a survey research and an experimental studty. We hypothesized, based upon the dual process model, that majority and minority influences are moderated by the level of situational uncertainty and types of responses(public/private responses). In the survey 180 college students were asked to write plausible situational, behavioral and causal explanations about majority and monority influences under the certain or uncertain outcome conditions. In the experiment 112 subjects were randomly assigned to 8 conditions with 3 way factorial design, ie., certain/uncertain task situation(2) ×source size(4) ×public and private response with repeated measure(2). The results revealed that the majority had stronger mormative and informational influences compared to the equal size source or minority, especially under the uncertain task conditions. The results also showed a significant influence of minority on the private response under the uncertain task conditions. We interpreted the results as a supportive evidence for the dual process model, and discussed some unsolved issues in this study for further study.
Abstract
As part of a cross-cultural survey of value(The Chinese culture connection, 1987), a 40 value-questionnaire(The Chinese Value Survey) was administered to an incidental sample of 120 college students in the Seoul area, and the students were asked to rate each value for its subjective importance on a 9-point scale, 13 value factors were identified, of which achievement turned out to be the single most important factor, accounting for 33% of the total variances. The per cent variance accounted for by other factors ranged from 12% to 2%. The mean importance ratings showed that the Korean students valued achievement, harmonious interpersonal relationship, and dependability most while they downgraded the importance of such traditional values as tradition, politesse, chastity in woman, justice, financial honesty, and scruplousness. Some values judged very important did not appear as value factors, presumably because there is little variance in the response of the subjects. Evidence for a test-taking response tendency was presented, which might have partly biased the obtained value factors-a tendency on the part of the respondents to react to the chunks of the values(sets of proximately located value items) on the questionnaire rather than to each value item separately.
Abstract
From conceptual and empirical analyses, eight themes can be extracted. First, chemyon is literally the appearance or surface of one's self. Self-esteem need not be contingent upon the perception of others. Social esteem, however, is closely tied to chemyon. Second, chemyon is important to person of high social status. Conversely, chemyon is not important for those who have low status. Third, chemyon is regulated by social norms and rules of propriety. A person must behave in accordance with his or her cosial position. Acting in a manner contrary to one's position could result in the loss of chemyon. Those who are in high social positions are required by society to act in a manner that is befitting of that position. Fourth, chemyon can be maintained by oneself, or enhanced by others. Maintaining chemyon thus constitutes a social action carefully orchestrated by oneself or with the assistance of a partner in front of an audience. Firth, individuals can reveal their social status through chemyon behavior. By a chemyon act or by using status symbols, individual induce others to notice their social position. Another person can suggest or imply the partner's social status by his or her behavior toward the target person. Another person causes a loss of chemyon, then it could be perceived as a grave error or as a punishment for the target person Sixth, the concept of chemyon implies basic etiquette and exchange rules in social relations. In Western countries politeness is an important exchange rule. In korea, modesty is an important exchange rule, It is better to have an accomplice one's face than to do it by oneself. Seventh, when chemyon is maintained, one's prestige is also maintained. Conversely, the loss of chemyon incur a loss of dignity. Chemyon can be lost if one's behavior becomes vgry formalized and hypocritical. It is important to maintain chemyon at an appropriate level, with a touch of modesty. Eighth, chemyon needs to be maintained mainly in formal and public setting. If chemyon is rigidly observed even among close friends, the relationship will be strained. Ninth, chemyon is important in a society where one must be aware of others and their perceptions. In individualistic and egalitarian society such as the United States, chemyon plays a less significant role than in Korean society. In the United States chemyon is often regarded as excessive formalism and hypocrisy. In Confucian societies, it is an essential social ingredient. Confucianism stress that individuals have a particular status and role, and they must behave in a manner consistent with that particular status and role.
Abstract
Based on the Petty and Cacioppo's Cognitive Elaboration Likelihood Model, the influence of affect on the cognitive process was examined. Data were collected, altogether 1209 samples, one month ahead of the 14th General Election by the one-to-one interviewing method in parallel with the field experiment. It was assumed that affect may influence on the whole process of information process, not just being served as the main cue in the peripheral processing. The strength of affect recipient holds was strongly related with the type of information processing being taken and also with the manner of information processing. If the nature of processor is neutral, people are more likely to rely on the peripheral route and the process was more likely to be biased. However, the manner of information processing for the central processor was not changed subject to the affect recipient holds.
Abstract
Regional stereotypes were measured using six different techniques of stereotype measurement. The content of the stereotypes was somewhat similar in most methods. Despite this similarity, some yielded contrasting stereotype content. The correlational analysis revealed varying levels of correlation, indicating the unique property of each method. Because of this uniqueness, it is critical to understand the meaning of each measurement strategy. The analysis showed some methods are superior to others. Factor analysis suggested the orthogonality of stereotype magnitude and attitude among individuals.