This study focuses on craving and loss of control, which are two key components of Internet addiction, and embodies etiology by applying a cognitive approach that allows smooth psychological understanding and intervention. First, to investigate the role of craving in Internet addiction, a cognitive processing model of craving is presented. Also this study applies a cognitive-behavioral model (Davis, 2001) to a unique maladaptive cognition, which is a background of Internet craving. And chronic failure of self-regulation in Internet addiction is examined through a self-regulation model (Baumeister, 1994) and a reflection-reflexion model (Lieberman et al., 2002), which describes a neuroscientific explanation to self-regulation. To sum up, Internet addicts consume a significant portion of self-regulatory strength due to self-focused maladaptive cognition and bring about the predominance of automatic processing of Internet addiction by consuming more self-regulatory strength as a result of the vicious cycle of stressful situations. This study presents cognitive-behavioral strategies as an intervention to cognitive factors that are involved in the development and maintenance of Internet addiction. In addition, the study proposes mindfulness that shows self-regulation effects. Mindfulness helps self-regulation of attention, which is a crucial factor in conscious self-regulation. Mindfulness is helpful for changing automatic, habitual Internet use into the C-system. Besides, even though Internet craving is paradoxically more activated in the process of intervention, mindfulness helps self-regulation of craving by accepting Internet craving as an experience and showing ways to endure craving. In other words, through mindfulness, Internet addicts are expected to control Internet craving instead of using the Internet reflexively as before.
The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy(ACT) on problem drinking behavior, alcohol expectancy, and perceived stress of the college students with problem drinking. Four hundred seventy three college students with problem drinking who lived in Chonbuk province completed the Korean Version of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test(AUDIT-K), Problem Drinking Screening Test(PDST), Alcohol Expectancy Scale(AES), and Perceived Stress Scale(PSS). Fourteen patients who selected by those scales were randomly assigned to 7 in the ACT group and 7 in the control group. ACT program was administered for 8 sessions. All participants completed Korean Version of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test(AUDIT-K), Problem Drinking Screening Test(PDST), Alcohol Expectancy Scale(AES), and Perceived Stress Scale(PSS) at pre-test, post-test, and at 8 weeks follow-up periods. The results of this study were as follows: Problem Drinking Behavior, Alcohol Expectancy, and Perceived Stress of therapy group was decreased more than those of the control group. Finally, the implications and the limitations of this study, and the suggestions for future study were also discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine how positive feedback has an effect on a restrained eater's self-esteem and eating behavior. A total of 89 female undergraduate students were selected and divided into 6 groups: restrained level (restrained, unrestrained) and treatment (control, shape evaluation, shape evaluation and positive feedback). All participants did self-report and the implicit self-esteem test before and after the treatment to show changes in their implicit and explicit self-esteem. Furthermore, we measured how participants consumed chocolate to examine eating behavior. The results showed that the implicit self-esteem test was significant in restrained level and treatment; however, there no significance was found in self-report and eating behavior. That is, restrained eaters reported lower self-esteem after shape evaluation, but they reported higher explicit self-esteem after treatment with shape evaluation and positive feedback. On the other hand, unrestrained showed no change in self-esteem and eating behavior. The results suggest positive feedback is effective in enhancing self-esteem in restrained eaters.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of cinema therapy on emotional recognition, emotional expression, and empathy for chronic schizophrenia patients. A Total of 34 schizophrenia patients at a day hospital participated in this program. Half of the patients were grouped into the cinema therapy group, whereas the other half were for the comparison group; each group took a physical and cook therapy. All patients took a total of 8-sessions for a 8-week period. The patients were assessed before and after cinema therapy with the following scales. The scales included the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS), the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ), the Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents (IECA), and the Relationship Change Scale (RCS). Also, clinical social workers rated the recognition and expression of self-emotion, emotion recognition towards others, and interpersonal relationship with the Emotional Behavior Scale (EBS). The results are as follows. The patients in the cinema therapy group significantly improved their score in emotional recognition, expression, and empathy scales compared to the comparison group. Finally, the clinical implications and limitations of this study and direction of future research have been discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the effectiveness of a self-management (SM) course differed depending on the target behavior type. Undergraduate students were taught behavioral principles relevant to self-management and were asked to modify their own problem behaviors using those principles. In the present study, we (a) directly compared the effectiveness of the SM course across target behavior types and (b) measured behavior change outcomes based on three variables. A total of 268 university students took the SM course and participated in the self-modification project, and 121 students were used for analysis. The study timeline was as follows: baseline (2-3 weeks), SM course (3 months), and final week. During the baseline and final weeks, students filled out self-report questionnaires. In addition, they recorded their daily behavior during the SM course regarding their target problem behavior. The result revealed that the effectiveness of the SM course was significantly different depending on the behavior type, which were study habits, exercise behaviors, sleeping habits, nervous habits, and eating habits. More specifically, nervous habits were more amenable to change through the SM course than sleep habits and exercise behavior. These findings were similar across the three different outcomes measures. Implications and limitations are discussed.
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between parents’ rejective rearing attitude and ego-resiliency and borderline personality, and to examine the roles of ego-resiliency in the relationship between parents’ rejective rearing attitude and borderline personality. Participants were 278 (111 males and 167 females) college students, whose average age was 19.92(SD=1.77). Perceived parents’ rejective rearing attitude, ego-resiliency, and level of borderline personality were measured. The results revealed that perceived parents’ rejective rearing attitude was negatively correlated with ego-resiliency of college students. Parents’ rejective rearing attitude was positively correlated with borderline personality; its relation was shown in rejective rearing attitudes of both father and mother. Parents’ rejective rearing attitude was significantly correlated with all sub-factors of borderline personality except for emotional instability. Moreover, ego-resiliency of college students was negatively correlated with borderline personality, and ego-resiliency accounted for around 43.6% variance of borderline personality. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that ego-resiliency partially mediates parents’ rejective rearing attitude and borderline personality. The influences of parents’ rejective rearing attitude and the roles of ego-resiliency in borderline personality were discussed with object relations theory, Adler’s individual psychology, and previous studies, and the direction for further studies and the clinical meaning of this study were recommended.
In 2010-2011, South Korea experienced an epidemic of foot and mouth disease among livestock, during which 3,390,000 animals were culled. Burying farm animals resulted in substantial psychological distress among Korean farmers and rural residents. The purpose of this study was to examined the relationship between cognitive vulnerability (cognitive emotion regulation strategy and memory strategy) of a rural population exposed to the burying of farm animals. A total of 167 individuals from 4 rural communities (Chulwon, Wonju, Hongchon, Heongsung) in Gangwon Province in South Korea including those who had buried and those who had not buried animals completed SCL-90-R, IES-R-K(Impact of Event Scale–Revised-the Korean version), CERQ-K(Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-the Korean version), and K-CVLT(Korean-California Verbal Learning Test). Serious psychological disturbances were found in those who had engaged in burying animals compared to those who had not. A stepwise multiple regression analysis suggested that maladaptive emotion regulation predicts PTSD severity. Finally, memory strategy(i.e. data-driven processing and conceptual processing) differentiated neither the risk nor the severity of PTSD. From these results, I conclude that such agricultural crises can have a substantial negative impact on mental health.
Having a positive attitude towards gambling is an important factor that determines whether gambling addiction continues to relapses. A person’s attitude toward gambling can be explicitly evaluated using self-report scales. However, explicit attitudes can be automatically manipulated in conscious awareness. Implicit attitudes, on the other hand, are automatically activated and can influence behavior outside the boundaries of consciousness. Thus, the aim of study was to investigate the differences between implicit and explicit attitudes toward gambling in accordance to the severity of gambling using the Gambling-Implicit Association Test (G-IAT) and self-report scales. Participants consisted of 42 male undergraduates from 332 undergraduates who have experienced gambling at least once. They were divided into two groups: a high severity gambling group (N=23) and a low severity gambling group (N=19). Their explicit attitudes towards gambling was assessed using the Gambling Attitudes and Beliefs Scale. The participants' implicit attitudes toward gambling were evaluated using the G-IAT. According to the results of implicit attitudes, the high severity gambling group had more positive attitudes toward gambling than the low severity gambling group. However, there were no differences in the explicit attitudes toward gambling between the groups. These results indicated that individuals with high severity of gambling show differences in implicit and explicit attitudes. Therefore, it may be necessary to assess implicit and automatic attitudes independently of social desirability when evaluating the severity of gambling.
This study aims to investigate the factors related with smoking styles and proneness of tobacco dependence among adolescent cigarette smokers. In order to achieve the goal, researchers analyzed the relations of gender, age, low academic achievement, impulsiveness, peer deviant conformity, self-esteem, and conflicts with parents to smoking styles and nicotine dependence among high school students who were smoking cigarettes. The participants were 201 high school students (118 males and 88 females), whose ages ranged from 14 to 18. Correlational analysis indicated that age was positively correlated with all smoking styles except smoking for stress release, while low academic achievement was positively correlated with smoking for sensation seeking and impulsive smoking. Moreover, self-esteem was positively correlated with all smoking styles except impulsive smoking and habitual smoking. Peer deviant conformity was closely correlated with smoking styles. Impulsiveness and conflicts with parents, as well as peer deviant conformity, were positively correlated with all smoking styles. Gender, impulsiveness, peer deviant conformity, self-esteem, and conflicts with parents, except low academic achievement, were positively correlated with nicotine dependence. Stepwise regression analysis for nicotine dependence revealed that peer deviant conformity, gender, and age were significant predictors; however, low academic achievement, impulsiveness, self-esteem, and conflicts with parents were eliminated form this model. Peer deviant conformity was a determinant factor for nicotine dependence of adolescents; its accountability was around 21.9%. Based on these results, the researchers suggested the discussion and information for further studies.
Recognizing facial emotion from others is important for interpersonal communication and control for meaningful social behaviors. In the case of patients with dementia, most studies found that they had selective impairments of facial emotion recognition, whereas other studies disagreed. This study investigated the impairment of facial emotion recognition by declined cognitive function for the normal elderly and patients with dementia. Participants took two rating tasks of emotion-dimension and emotion-distinction. For the rating task of emotion-dimension, both the normal elderly and patients with dementia rated disgust, anger, fear, sadness, surprise; and neutral negatively in order, and rated happiness positively. Patients with dementia rated fear, anger, and sadness more negatively and happiness less positively compared to the normal elderly. For the rating task of emotion-distinction, both the normal elderly and patients with dementia showed a high rate of accuracy of happiness, surprise, neutral, anger, sadness, disgust, and fear in order. However, patients with dementia demonstrated a lower rate of accuracy of fear, sadness, disgust, and neutral compared to the normal elderly. The results imply that selective impairments of facial emotion recognition were caused by declined cognitive function. A better understanding of facial emotion recognition for patients with dementia will help design a therapeutic rehabilitation program that is necessary for social interaction with their remaining ability.