Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology

Abstract

Two experiments were conducted to test the following hypotheses. (1) Watching aggressive films will cause aggression via negative affect. (2) Even non-aggressive films which cause negative affect will induce aggression as aggressive films do. (3) On the basis of above hypotheses, counterbalancing of negative affect by positive affect can mitigate aggression after watching aggressive films. In experiment 1, every 15 male undergraduate students were watched neutral, aggressive, negative affect inducing, positive affect inducing film and were measured affect and aggression by MAACL and aggression machine. Depression, anxiety, and unpleasantness of Ss of aggressive film condition were increased. But their stability was decreased. On the other hand, happiness of Ss of negative affect inducing film condition was decreased and unpleasantness was increased. In the aspect of aggression, both Ss of aggressive film condition and negative affect inducing film condition showed more aggression than neutral and positive affect inducing film condition significantly. So, hypothesis 1 and 2 were supported. In experiment 2, the procedure was same as experiment I except the film Ss watched. Experimental conditions were aggressive, neutral, and counterbalancing film condition. Ss of counterbalancing condition were watched aggressive film and positive affect inducing film successively. Both of aggressive film and counterbalancing film decreased stability and increased unpleasantness. But while happiness of aggressive film condition was decreased, that of counterbalancing was not changed. Aggression of aggressive film condition was significantly higher than other two conditions. These results showed aggression after watching aggressive films could mitigate by counterbalancing affect.

Abstract

Social support refers to a set of helping behaviors held in relatively broader daily-life areas and for longer period, compared with altruistic behaviors. It is generally accepted that social support is the process consisting of three subconcepts(support network, support behaviors, and support effects), and that there are several differences between two genders in various aspects of social support. Specifically, women are tend to have more intensive network, and to participate more actively in giving and receiving social support, relative to men. Although the effects of social support experienced by two genders have been reported to be inconsistent, women tend to be exposed more often to several negative aspects in social support process. The negative experiences are observed especially in the phenomena of 'contagion of stress' and 'support gap.' The differences of gender in social support process can be explained by the differences of dispositional traits, different social status, or different socializational pressure between men and women. In the current paper, the impacts of socialization on gender differences in social support process were specially stressed and meanings of the differences were discussed.

Abstract

In order to examine the social influence of group decision rules, task certainty, and response type on group decision making process, an experiment I and II were conducted. In experiment I, a 3(decision rules: unanimity/majority/truth-wins) x 2(task certainty: certain/uncertain) x (2)(response types: public/private) factorial design was used with the last variable as a repeated measure. In experiment II, the same design was used but task certainty and response types were manipulated as within-subject variable. As predicted, interaction effects between decision rules and response types were supported both in experiment I and experiment II. Also, a three-way interaction effect was statistically significant in the experiment I. The simple effect analysis revealed that differences among three decision rules were statistically significant only in the certain task-public response condition. These results supported the hypothesis that the task certainty and response types play a important role in group decision making process in conjuntion with decision making rules. Finally, the results of this study were discussed the effects and the processes of influence in group decision making.

Abstract

Groups differ from each other in many ways. In this study, an attempt is made to examine the extent of entitativity which the people perceive about various groups. The Group Entitativity Scale was constructed based on Campbell's concept of entitativity. The scale included seven criteria such as similarity, common goals, cohesiveness, outcome dependency, interaction between group members, group permeability, and group esteem. In study 1, 288 students rated a number of different groups on 7 criteria. The inter-relationship between criteria was investigated. The result shows that five criteria, excluding group permeablity and group esteem, were significantly correlated with each other showing high reliability among all various group types. On the basis of above, study 2 was conducted, designating high and low entitativity groups in order to examine how inference made about the two kinds of groups differed. A group of professors and politicians were designated as the high entitativity group, while the Keongsang-do and Chunla-do group were designated as the low entitativity group. 573 students rated members of each group on 40 traits used to describe members of each group in the previous study. Cluster analysis was conducted in order to investigate the effect of group entitativity on trait inference for members of each group. The result showed that 2 clusters were revealed in high entitativity groups, and 5 clusters in low entitativity groups. This result indicate that information processing for groups differs depending on the extent of entitativity of a person's perception for certain group types.

Abstract

This study was designed to examine the structual differences of attitudes which has changed through central routes and peripheral routes. This study replicates Petty and Cacioppo' experiment(1984). The results make possible a further analysis of attitude structure. First, an attitude change through central route represents negative and positive attitudes as dual structure, whereas an attitude change through peripheral route represents them as bipolar structure. Second, attitude change through central route is determined by the descriptive meaning of attitudinal object, whereas an attitude change through peripheral route is determined by the evaluative meaning. The relationships of attitude change and attitude structure were discussed.

Abstract

This Research has been performed to gather the reliability and validity related evidences of the Trait MetaMood Scale(Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey, & Palfai, 1995) developed to assess an individual's emotional intelligence. At first, the factor structure of the TMMS showed there were statistically significant three factors as Salovey et al(1995) reported based on a university sample in the U.S.; clarity of the awareness of one's mood, attention to one's mood, and mood repair. The reliability indices based on these three dimensions were fairly good as those of psychological attitude measures. In order to investigate the criterion-related validity indices, the scores from the subscales of the TMMS were correlated with those of measures assessing associated constructs; MAS(Swinkles & Guiliano, 1995), NMR(Catanzaro & Mearns, 1990), EES (Kring, Smith, & Neale, 1994), AEQ(King & Emmons, 1990). These results indicated good convergent as well as discriminant validity evidences. All the scores from subscales of these measures were correlated to the alexithymia score to examine the predictive validity of the TMMS subscales. The regression analysis and the discriminant analysis presented the clarity dimension of the TMMS and mood awareness scale of the MAS, measuring same construct, and the attention scale of the TMMS and the mood monitoring score from the MAS, also assessing same concept, were the most effective predicting the amount of an individual's alexithymic symptoms. Additionally, the first factor of the ambivalence over emotional expressiveness scale was also shown to be useful to discriminate alexithymics among responders. All these results imply the sub-scales of the TMMS measuring emotional intelligence have good psychometric properties.

Abstract