Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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- P-ISSN1229-0653
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-0653
Vol.15 No.1
Abstract
The present study attempted a cross-cultural comparison between the processes of the group categories of gender and race in America and gender and region in Korea on judgment. More specifically, it was examined whether these group categories elicited prejudiced judgment as well as whether the prejudiced judgment if any, was based on the belief or the affect regarding the group category. The results demonstrated that the American and Korean participants showed similar prejudiced judgment(i.e., judging that a man was more aggressive than a woman), based on gender category and it was predicted better by the affect rather than the beliefs ragarding gender category. The regional prejudice(i.e., judging that Youngnam people and Honam people were more assertive than Choongchung people) in Korea was predicted better by the beliefs than the affect regarding the regional groups. No significant effect of the race on judgment was found. The implications of these results and the suggestions for the future research was discussed.
Abstract
In order to test the three-level theory of attitude change in an extended area of application, the effects of source expertise and message quality (Experiment 1) and those of message quantity and quality (Experiment 2) on the changes and cognitive responses of job-relevant attitudes with low, moderate, and high involvement were examined by factorial design experiments. Except for an unexpectedly strong persuasive power of non-experts, most results of both the experiments consistently supported the hypotheses: As predicted by the three-level theory, (1) effects of message quantity as evidence of peripheral route processing were the largest in attitudes with low involvement; (2) those of message quality as evidence of central route processing were the largest in attitudes with moderate involvement; and (3) attitudes with high intrinsic involvement showed resistance to persuasion even under the combination of high quantity and quality of messages. As postulated in the three-level theory of attitude change, high involvement mentioned in the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) is in fact only a moderate level of involvement, and the resistance process of a real intrinsic high involvement was proven as an active biased central route processing, which is different from a simple peripheral route processing. Findings on cognitive response measures also supported the three level theory's predictions, so that indifference appeals were relatively more produced by attitudes with low involvement, pro-message responses were more by those with moderate involvement (expecially when given high quality message), and counter-message responses were relatively more generated by those with high intrinsic involvement.
Abstract
The present study replicated Banse & Scherer(1996) to obtain acoustic profiles and estimate recognition accuracy in vocal emotion expression for Korean people. In experiment 1 professional actors' portrayals of 14 emotions(joy, elation, sadness, grief, anxiety, fear, irritation, anger, disgust, contempt, boredom, guilt, pride, interest) were subjected to digital acoustic analysis to obtain profiles of vocal parameters for different emotions. The Korean profiles in general replicated those obtained in Banse & Scherer with the exception of fear. In experiment 2 vocal emotional portrayals were presented to judges to investigate the accuracy of recognition. The overall recognition rate was around 50%, close to the one in Banse & Scherer, but correspondence in recognition rates for the individual emotions was not high between the two studies. Vocal expressions of grief, anger, boredom were easily recognized while those of joy, elation, anxiety, disgust were not. Emotions with the same valence tended to be confused with each other. Female vocal expressions and vocal expressions of the same sex were more easily recognized than male ones and those of the different sex respectively. However differences in recognition accuracy between male and female judges were not found.
Abstract
This research compares motivation for accuracy with motivation for positive impression which is one of directional goals, focusing on their impacts on contrast and assimilation effects of priming, to understand the extent to which they affect the process of social judgment. Experiment 1 assesses the impacts of two motivations on contrast effects. The results of the experiment indicate that motivation for accuracy does not eliminate contrast effects, whereas motivation for positive impression does. Contrast effect implies that primed exemplars are used as comparison standard at judgment stage, not at encoding stage. Therefore, this experiment shows that motivation for accuracy does not affect judgment stage while motivation for positive impression does. Experiment 2 compares the impacts of two motivations on assimilative priming effects where they are activated before and after encoding, respectively. Priming effect was eliminated when motivation for accuracy was introduced before encoding, but was not eliminated when it was introduced after encoding. However, motivation for positive impression overwhelmed priming effects both before and after encoding. This result implies that motivation for accuracy affects only encoding stage, while motivation for positive impression affects both encoding and judgment stages. Therefore, we can conclude from these results that motivation for accuracy and motivation for positive impression make different impacts on social inference process.
Abstract
View of the afterlife has been ignored by cultural psychologists, though it is an important factor of a culture. The aim of this study is to categorize afterlife views. And we tried to explore its inner structure of each type. In study 1, we drew out four categories through Grounded Theory Approach. First, on "the types for the view of the afterlife", we classified 9 types, namely, 'extinction type', 'the present world-oriented transmigration type', 'the other world-oriented transmigration type', 'the other world type', 'heavenly home type', 'heaven/hell type', 'heaven(purgatory/hell type', 'multi layer transference type' and 'obscurity type'. Second, on "the relations between this world and the next", we grasped two subcategories, namely, 'temporal relation(karma, faith determinism, absolute predestination)' and 'spatial relation'. Third, on "the intentional and emotional aspects", we extracted 'degree of interest', 'firmness' and 'emotional color'. Fourth, about "folk psychology of the afterlife views", we could classify two psychologies, namely, 'psychology on its origin' and 'psychology on its effect'. In study 2, depending on results from study 1, we constructed questionnaire which measures the types and features of the view of the afterlife. And we analyzed the component ratio and each inner-structure of the types for the view of the afterlife. Finally, we discussed the limitation of this study and the directions for future study.
Abstract
The present study was carried out (a) to examine the underlying structure of rape myths, (b) to assess the relationships of rape myths to sexual behaviors and violent sexual behaviors against a partner, (c) to examine how respondents with rape myths perceive the behaviors and minds of actors described in an acquaintance rape case and express their behavioral intention when assumed to be engaged in that situation, and finally (d) to test the relationships of rape myths to the sex-role stereotyping scale (Burt, 1980) and the sex-role inventory (Bem, 1974). In Study 1, data collected from male and female undergraduate students showed that (a) rape myths consist of 4 factors: Attribution of rape responsibility, victim's sexual experience, victim pleasure and victim fabrication, and misunderstanding of a partner's behaviors. The statistically significant and positively correlated relationships between rape myths and sexual behaviors were found to be important. Male students reported more sexual experiences and violent sexual aggression than female students. In Study 2, rape myths were positively and significantly correlated with masculinity in sex-role inventory, indicating that personality traits could be factors influencing the formation of rape myths. Discussion focuses on the plausible psychological processes between rape myths and sexual behaviors.
Abstract
The present study tried to explore the effects of various social and psychological variables on school bullying among elementary students. The specific purposes of this study were to explore 1) if the social and psychological variables of four groups of students(non-participants, bullies, victims, and bully-victims) were different in their characteristics, and the contents of impact on bullying behavior, 2) the relative importance of the variables affecting bullying behaviors, 3) the contents of impacts of the variables on bullying behaviors were different by students' gender and grade. A sample fo 1062 elementary students(4~6 grades) completed a questionnaire survey. Results showed that 1) non-participants, bullies, victims, and bully-victims differed in three social variables(gender, grade, school-achievement), and in all psychological variables except individualism and active strategies for stress. Results of multiple regression showed that exposure to peer's violence and victim experience of bulling were the most important in explaining the bullies behaviors whereas exposure to parents' violence and offending experience of bullying were the most important in explaing the victims' behaviors. Results of other multiple regressions analyzed by both gender and grade showed that elementary students' bullying behaviors had several differences on the bases of their gender and grade. On the bases of the results of this study, variables related elementary students' bullying behaviors and possible interventions were discussed.
Abstract
It has been found generally that the magnitude of conformity to peers in the collectivistic societies is greater than that in the individualistic societies. This paper was to replicate this phenomena in the Korean adolescents through comparison of conforming behaviors of two groups who have different cultural dispositions from each other. In this study, we devided high school students (Experiment 1) and college students (Experiment 2) into allocentrics (who have collectivistic cultural dispositions) and idiocentrics (who have individualistic cultural dispositions) according to their scores on the INDCOL scale (Singelis, Triandis, Bhawuk, & Gelfand, 1995) and observed their choices whether to yield to pressure from peers or not. As anticipated, allocentrics conformed more than idiocentrics, and the formers perceived pees as more similar to them than the latters did. On the basis of these results, it was discussed that allocentrics and people in the collectivistic societies conform more, because they regard the behaviors and opinions of their peers who are similar to them as reference points, according to which they judge the appropriateness of their own responses.
Abstract
This study examined the three-way interaction effect of salience of performance information, ingroup performance feedback and personal performance feedback on self evaluation. A 2(salience of performance information: personal information is salient, ingroup information is salient)×2(ingroup performance feedback: success, failure)×2(personal performance feedback: superior, inferior) complete factorial design was used in this experiment. 120 college students were randomly assigned to one of 8 experimental conditions. In condition that personal information was salient, subjects were given personal performance feedback twice and group performance feedback once. In condition that group information was salient, subjects were given personal performance feedback once and group performance feedback twice. The results showed that the hypothesized three-way interaction was confirmed. When group performance feedback was salient, subjects in success group evaluated self performance higher than failure group. And superior person in success group did not evaluated self performance higher than inferior person in success group and superior person in failure group evaluated self performance higher than inferior person in failure group. Additionally superior person in success group evaluated self performance higher than superior person in failure group. When personal performance feedback was salient, superior person in success group evaluated self performance higher than inferior person in success group and superior person in failure group evaluated self performance higher than inferior person in failure group. The results suggest that the ingroup success or failure influences self evaluation than personal success or failure does in Korea. Additionally experience of self-relevant affects was examined in each experimental condition.
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the relationship between the implicit and explicit regional prejudice. On the study 1, participants from inter-hostile region were measured implicit prejudice by the implicit association test and the explicit prejudice by self-report. Participants showed a preference for own region over the other region on the implicit measure. However, there was no significant correlation between the implicit and the explicit regional prejudice. On the study 2 and 3, also participants who were not members of the inter-hostile region showed no correlation between implicit and explicit regional prejudice. It was revealed that the differences of the implicit prejudice was not because of the stereotypical knowledge and perception differences. This study indicates that the socially sensitive attitude such as regional prejudice should be tested by the implicit measure. Finally the implications and limitations of this study were discussed.