Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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Vol.37 No.2
Abstract
This study attempts to examine whether attitudes of cisgender heterosexuals toward lesbians, gays, and bisexuals (LGB) differ depending on their gender and sexual orientation and whether contact experience, religious fundamentalism, and essentialist beliefs are related to attitudes of cisgender heterosexuals toward LGB. To address these questions, we conducted an online study of cisgender heterosexuals aged from 19 to 39 years and analyzed data from 308 participants. Participants responded to the attitudes toward lesbians and gays scale, attitudes regarding bisexuality scale, direct/indirect contact experience questions, multi-dimensional fundamentalism inventory, essentialist beliefs about homosexuality scale, and other demographic questions. As a result, participants showed a more negative attitude toward men sexual minorities compared with women sexual minorities and bisexuals compared with homosexuals. In addition, indirect contact experience-parasocial interaction, a subscale of religious fundamentalism-worldly rejection versus worldly affirmation, and subscales of essentialist beliefs about homosexuality-discreteness, immutability, and universality were significant predictors of attitudes of cisgender heterosexuals toward LGB. Specifically, attitudes toward LGB were found to be more negative if participants perceived LGB characters in the media less socially attractive and realistic, if they supported religion over secularity, and if they believed that there was fundamental psychological difference between homosexuals and heterosexuals, that sexual orientation was a category that can be changed throughout a lifetime, and that homosexuality was historically and culturally limited. In addition, we conducted separate hierarchical multiple regression analyses on attitudes toward lesbian, gay, bisexual women, and bisexual men and found that attitude predictors were somewhat different. This study is meaningful in that it examined cisgender heterosexuals toward LGB in various ways. Finally, the study’s limitations and directions for future research were discussed.
Abstract
The current study examined the interplay between superordinate category (i. e., ‘Ethnic Han’) complexity and superordinate ingroup identification on outgroup (North Koreans) tolerance and support for intergroup integration amongst South Koreans. Category complexity reflects the extent to which the category contains distinctive and equally representative subgroups. We hypothesized that individuals’ superordinate ingroup identification positively predicts outgroup tolerance when the superordinate category is perceived as complex rather than simple in its representational structure. In addition, we expected that this effect would positively predict outgroup tolerance, which in turn, positively predicts behavioral intentions for intergroup integration. In a laboratory experiment involving South Korean undergraduates (N = 124), we measured participants’ level of identification with the superordinate category and manipulated the superordinate category complexity (high vs. low). Results indicated, as expected, that in the high superordinate category complexity condition, superordinate ingroup identification positively predicted outgroup tolerance. When category complexity was low, there was no significant relationship between superordinate ingroup identification and outgroup tolerance. Further, outgroup tolerance mediated the interaction effect between the superordinate category complexity and the ingroup identification on behavioral intentions for intergroup integration. We discussed the role of superordinate category complexity and superordinate ingroup identification in establishing harmonious and integrative subgroup relationships between the two Koreas.
Abstract
Although the perceived victim-likeness of sexual violence victims can affect people’s attitudes and judgments toward sexual assault cases and the victims, little systematic research has been conducted in Korea. This study applied the individual difference scaling (INDSCAL) and multi-dimensional unfolding, types of the multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) models, to data collected from 175 college students to find out factors that people consider significantly in evaluating victim-likeness. Specifically, the authors derived the four factors related to the victim-likeness perception from previous studies (‘whether or not the victim appeal to the violence actively,’ ‘whether or not the victim’s suffering is visible,’ ‘whether or not the victim’s clothing is tidy,’ and ‘estimated time of the violence’) and produced pictures describing the victims by manipulated those factors. The participants rated the similarity of victims in terms of victim-likeness by comparing the two pictures presented in a pair. The result finds that the participants considered whether or not the victim’s suffering is visible to evaluate the victim-likeness. As a result of comparing the perceptions of victims being clustered pictures in the two-dimensional space, the differences were found only in depicting the victim as ‘lying’ and ‘calm.’ Individuals’ weights for the dimension of the visibility of the victim’s suffering did not differ in both gender and the acceptance level of sexual violence myth. The multi-dimensional unfolding analysis using ranking data of the four factors’ importance showed no gender difference. On the other hand, the participants with a higher acceptance of the sexual violence myth showed to consider the clothing and late outing of the victim more significantly. It is meaningful that this study found that, regardless of gender and the level of sexual violence myth, whether or not the victim’s suffering was visible contributed to the evaluation of victim-likeness, and the factor was related to assessing the victims’ credibility.
Abstract
Everyone experiences boredom from time to time in diverse situations. The present study examined Koreans’ daily experience of boredom and the personal and situational correlates of boredom by conducting an experience sampling study. 480 South Korean adults participated in 14 days of experience sampling, and a total of 15,838 reports was collected. The multilevel analysis results indicated that boredom was more experienced by participants with younger age, lower subjective socioeconomic status, and lower income. Also, Koreans’ boredom experience depending on four situational correlates of boredom including 1) co-occurring emotions, 2) current activity, 3) social setting, and 4) day-of-week was examined. The present study is the first attempt to capture a comprehensive understanding of Koreans’ boredom, not only by exploring individual differences of boredom based on demographic characteristics, but also by examining changes of boredom experienced within individuals depending on time and situation. Our findings hold implications for the Korean boredom literature by overcoming the limitations of boredom research in Korea which has mainly focused on limited areas of leisure, adolescent, education, etc. Based on our findings, future directions of boredom research in Korea are discussed.
Abstract
The concepts of modesty and humility have been confusing in many studies. Measures developed to assess modesty have not distinguished between the two concepts. This study aimed to validate the Korean version of the Modest Response Scale (MRS) developed by Whetstone, Okun, and Cialdini(1992). A total of 661 participants conducted the survey, and the data of 320 participants were used for analysis. We conducted an exploratory factor analysis on half of the randomly selected data and confirmatory factor analysis with the remaining half for cross-validation verification. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, K-MRS had a 19-item three-factor structure (inclination toward interpersonal modesty, social desirability, and attitude of humility), excluding one item that did not attain the set factor load. According to the confirmatory factor analysis results, the three-factor model showed good model fit and had suitable reliability. The convergent, discriminant and criterion validity of K-MRS was confirmed by correlation analysis with the HEXACO honesty/humility scale, the fear of positive evaluation scale. The K-MRS showed a significant positive correlation with HEXACO Humility Scale, but no significant correlation was found with HEXACO Honesty score. It also showed a significant positive correlation with the fear of positive evaluation scale. Our findings suggest that the concepts of modesty and humility have different meanings.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a short form of the Self-Concept and Identity Measure (Kaufman et al., 2015). The 27-item Self-Concept and Identity Measure was developed to assess different aspects of identity through three subscales: Consolidated Identity, Disturbed Identity, and Lack of Identity. However, despite being used in many recent studies, the scale has been found to have problematic psychometric properties, and we decided to create a 12-item shortened scale by deleting problematic items. In three studies, we compared the model fit of the original scale and the shortened scale, and also compared the model fit between the two-factor model proposed by Lim et al. (2022) and the shortened three-factor model proposed in this study. The results showed that the shortened three-factor scale had good model fit, and the three subscales correlated with variables such as psychological well-being, life satisfaction, dimensions of identity development, depression, and personality disorders in the direction predicted by theory.