Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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ISSN : 1229-0653
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Vol.8 No.2
Abstract
Current research on attitudes and attitude change during the last decade (1985-1994) was reviewed. Prominent characteristics of the recent resurgence of attitude research were classified into six categories : (1)the interface with social cognition research, (2)recognition of the importance of ego-involvement concept, (3)the revival of motivational and functional approaches, (4)efforts for the improvement of behavior predictions based on attitudes, (5)increase of interests in the neglected area of research(e.g., resistance to attitude change, persistence of changed attitudes, effects of affective factors on attitude change), and (6)extended practical applications and refined methods of analyses. The most salient characteristic of current attitude research seems to be the balance between cognitive and motivational/affective approaches as well as their intertwinement with each other in attitude theories and research. New theories on attitudes and persuasion are basically in line with traditional theories but assume a more active message recipient than before, so that more elaborated theories are recently developed which can cover the effects of recipients' prior knowledge and affects. Strongly-held attitudes have been more and more important in current attitude research with relation to the concept of ego-involvement, because highly-involved attitudes are less likely to change and more useful to predict behavior.
Abstract
To extract some psychological lessons from the works of Hsun Tzu one of the great Confucian philosophers in the pre-Ts'in period, the author reviewed and classified Hsun Tzu's main ideas which have deep psychological implications into three categories : theory on the human nature, on the rites and on the self-cultivation. Before delving into each of these theories to draw psychological implications, the author tried to search for the Hsun Tzu's basic theoretical paradigm, which seems to be the coherent backbone of all his ideas, from his theory on the relationship between the Heaven and the human being, and found out that it is. This paper dealt with this basic theoretical paradigm and showed that all of the Hsun Tzu's thoughts is built on this paradigm and the psychological implications of them can be analyzed based on it.
Abstract
The present study intends to re-examine Schwartz and Bilsky's theory of universal structure of human values. The main criticism is that they focused only on individual sets of domains and did not examine the overall arrangement patterns of the domains. The main object of this study is to demonstrate that a simultaneous consideration of the entire relations among domains is essential to describe a value structure. Arrangement patterns of Australia, Hong Kong, the U.S., Spain, Finland, Israel, and Germany were reconstructed from Schwartz and Bilsky's figural presentations shown in their early articles. Including our own data on Korean sample, the eight arrangement patterns of domains were examined with Procrutes rotation method for their structural similarities. The similarity coefficients among the eight patterns varied widely, and were relatively low. It was concluded the eight patterns cannot be assumed to have been derived from one single value structure. An appeal was made for a culture-specific model of value structure.
Abstract
The effects of situational context on coalition outcomes, especially on payoff divisions, in coalition bargaining were examined in two different cultures. Male college students were used as subjects, 96 from Seoul National Univ, in Korea and 114 from Univ. of III. at Urbana-Champaign in U.S.A. Subjects in groups of three played three games in which the variance of three players' inputs was varied. Super-additive quota games were used. Coalition situations were depicted as a business transaction or a workgroup situation, or no mention about context. Two main hypotheses made about reward division were : (1)Subjects with business transaction scenario be less egalitarian than those with workgroup scenario, (2)Koreans be less egalitarian than Americans. Results of the experiment supported the two hypotheses. In addition to testing hypotheses about reward division behavior, relative accuracy of several theories of coalition formation was contrasted. Results showed that, in general, equity theory was the most and equal excess model was the least accurate, though there was no single theory that was the best fit for all occasions. Implications for the results of this study and for future research were discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the various religious orientations of those who believe in Catholicism and investigate the differences among the types in the attribution for religious situation and in the religious attitude. The total number of subjects who responded to the questionnaires for the present study, was 453 who consist of 62 Roman Catholics priests, 153 Roman Catholics sisters and 220 Roman Catholics Christians. The present investigation was proceeded, first, by taking the religious orientation scale testing for all those who participated in the survey in accordance with Batson's method and giving them new facter analized orientation questionnaires. Next, the participants in the survey were regrouped by the types how they responded to the questionnaires and each type from the regrouping was identified by the clustering analysis. Finally, the characteristic differences among the types of new grouping ware investigated by analysis of variance. The high lights of the present study is (1)to have priests and sisters who together take almost 50% of all the participants and it makes the present factor-type classification clearer than the performed in Batson's study, (2)to identify 6 types of religious orientation('Orthodoxy', 'Ethics', 'Flexibility', 'Worship', 'Rationale', 'Wish'), which are more than the Batson's 3 types('end', 'means', 'quest') employed, (3)to find that the birth age and baptism age have different interactional effects in the attribution of the religious situation and also in the religious attitide, (4)to learn that it is the birth age which shows the interactional effect more sensitively than the other in the religious attitude for different orders of pray, while (5)to conform that it is the baptism age which shows the interactional effect more sensitively in the attribution of the religious situation between rationalism and magism, and finally (6)to assure that, to those Catholic Christians, the interactive effect shows clearly by their religious attitudes, not by the extent of their apostolic activities.
Abstract
This study intended to find out the source of an ingroup favoritism in social categorization. It is hypothesized that the ingroup favoritism occurs because individuals evaluate both the ingroup and outgroup with the criteria of the ingroup values. In order to examine this hypothesis, subjects were allocated to three groups and given a treatment of categorization, decategorization and recategorization respectively. The categorization condition was created by making sexual identity salient. Subjects were manipulated to identify themselves with sexual categories. In this condition, the ingroup favoritism was expected to increase as the individuals judge both the ingroup and outgroup by the criteria of ingroup values. In contrast, the recategorization condition in which the boundary of male and female categories were reset into one-group and the decategorization condition in which the boundary of categories were eliminated are expected to decrease the ingroup favoritism. These hypothesis were confirmed by the given experimental data.
Abstract
The present study investigated relative validity of the theories concerning social influence of majority and minority. Under the conditions of consistent ingroup categorization, crossed categorization (ingroup-outgroup, outgroup-ingroup), and consistent outgroup categorization, the public and private influence were measured. A 3(group categorization)×2(size of sources)×2(response type) mixed factorial design was used with the last factor as a within-subject variable. Sixteen subjects were randomly assigned to each condition including two conditions of crossed categorization. Since the task certainty was held in a relatively high level, it was assumed that interpersonal validation would be possible. The main findings of this study are as follows. First, the degree of social influence was highest in the consistent ingroup categorization condition, and the remaining conditions were ordered as outgroup-ingroup, ingroup-outgroup, consistent outgroup categorization condition. This was interpreted as a supportive evidence for the social identity theory and self-categorization theory. Second, majority exerted more influence on the public response than the private response, but a reverse trend was found in the minority condition. Thus, dual process theory which assumes an interaction effect between source size and response type was supported. This result is also consistent to the previous studies (Hahn, 1994 ; Jung & Hahn, 1992). Third, the interaction effect between group categorization and response type was not statistically significant, and this result was interpreted as a supportive data for the social identity theory and self-categorization theory. Finally, a 3-way interaction effect among group categorization, size of sources, and response type was not significant, but the overall trend was found as predicted.
Abstract
The present study was designed to identify the source of evaluation bias. Focusing on the difference between distribution bias and evaluation bias may reveal different mechanisms involved. Experiment 1 was designed to see whether evaluation bias occers in the minimal group situation, and to determine the factors responsible for appearance of an evaluation bias in minimal group situation, Tajfel et al(1971)'s experimental situation. The result showed relative evaluation of product played a major role in producing an evaluation bias in the minimal group situation. To evaluate the importance of relative vs. absolute evaluation of product in producing an evaluation bias in the minimal group paradigm, two evaluation methods and two evaluation objectives(production or distribution) were combined in Experiment 2. Results confirmed the findings of Experiment 1. Relative evaluation of product was a critical factor affecting production bias. Experiment 3. examined the factors affecting evaluation bias in the competitive situation. The winning group showed a significant evaluation bias in the competitive situation, but the losing group did not show ingroup bias regardless of the evaluation method used.