Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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- P-ISSN1229-0653
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-0653
Vol.4 No.2
Abstract
As patriarchal institutionalized businesses under the competitive capitalism were transformed into organised businesses under the monopolistic capitalism, organizations in stead of individuals were emphasized. In organized businesses the closed system theory which explains business activities in terms of job prescriptions were adopted first, but, due to its rigidity, soon replaced by the open system theory which explains businesses in terms of role performance. The open system organization is a human-oriented organization in which creative business culture gets importance.
Abstract
The present paper was addressed h developing a comprehensive theoretical model for attribution in which two competing paradigms, i.e., normative and social, could be incorporated in a complementary manner within a coherent theoretical frame work. Criticisms of social model theorists against Heiderian and Kelleyian models were reviewed and reexamined with reference to the original notion as conceived and statement as made by the originator of the theory, that is, Heider. Basic propositions were postulated on the basis of the above analyses and reified into interrelated theoretical terms, through which factors and processes to be involoved in the process of attribution were identified and theorized at a conceptual level, Finally, an integrative model for attribution was proposed and discussed.
Abstract
On the assumption that individual attitude would result from his own perspective, this study iatented to investigate the offects of expansion of perspective on attitude. We hypothesized that the expansion of perspective affects judgmental extremity and leads to nonpolarized evaluative judgments. The first study was a correlational study, measuring the expansion of perspectives and relating then to judgmental ??????????????. It was found that when one has two contrasting perspectives by the expansion of perspectives, his svaluative judgment become less extreme. The second study ?????????? two contrary opinions on the descriptive dimension and related then to the expansion of perspective. Here ????? showed the difference between the person with contracted perspective and the person with dimension perspective. The forner could net differentiate these opinions on the descriptive dimension but the latter could. In ??????, this research found support for the hypotheses that the expansion of perspective ??????? to nonpolarized evaluative judgment also generates the descriptive dimension in the perceived structure of attitude of objects.
Abstract
The influences of positive and negative sign-combinations, strength of relations and the number of other persons and objects on the likableness of relation and subjective certainty of predictions in the missing relations we studied. In the two experiments, ++ combination showed greater balance-oriented likableness of prediction and greater subjective cerainty of predictions than + -, -+ and -- combinations, In the -- combination, the greater balance effect was obtained in the pre diction of p/o relation than in the prediction of p/x and o/x relations. The stronger the strength of the relation, the greater the balance-oriented likableness of prediction was obtained. The differences in the likableness and subjective certainty of predictions as a function of strength of the relations were greater in +-, -+ and -- combinations. Number of other persons and objects in the triadic structures increased the balance effect in the likableness of relations and did not influnce the subjective certainty of predictions. As a whole, predictions of p/o and o/x relations showed greater positivity effect than the predictions of p/x relation and subjective certainty of prediction was greater in the prediction of p/o relation than in the prediction of p/x relation. The results of the present study were discussed in terms of differences in the properties of positive and negative relations. It was argued that the positive relation will elicit approach and attentive responses and thought-increasing responses on the relation and the negative relation will elicit avoidance and disattentive responses and thought-stoppong responses on the relation.
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the relation between male sex-role stereotypes and male psychological stress. In the first stage of the study, a male sex-role stress scale was developed. This scale is consisted off 40 items which evaluate the stress concerning sex-ole in the daily life. For this scale includes several common items which belong to the previous study for male gender role stress(MGRS) by Eisler er and Skidmore(1987), it is possible to apply for universality and cross-cultural aspects of the male sex-role stress. In the second stage, the sex-role orientation off 415 males(age 20-49) were measured, and the respondents were divided into four different sex-role orientation groups. And also the differences in the male sex-role stress between the groups were tested. The results were that the respondents were evenly divided into four different sex-role orientation groups and among them the undifferentiated sex-role orientation group has the hast male sex-role stress. These results imply that there is the unique factor in Korean sex-role stereotype, contrasted to Western trends. It is also suggested for further studies that the factor analysis for male sex-role stress scale, the relations between male sex-role stress and anxiety/depression tendencies, and several sex-role socialization factors have to be explored.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the underlying mechanism of decrease of intrinsic motivation with extrinsic rewards. Two competing explanations about these phenomena, self-attribution and Crespi's (1942) incentive amount shift effect, were tested. High school girl students were told to solve two hinds of very similar word puzzles successively. A large(or no) amount of incentive was given with one task and small(or no) amount was given with other task. After finishing the first task and before beginning the second one, interest scale was administered. In Experiment 1, intrinsic motivation was found to be undermined by task-contingent rewards, through the mecahnism of self-attribution(or unpleasant feeling). In Experiment 2, task-noncontingent rewards, which were given as gratitude, did not undermine intrinsic motivation. In this situation, the change of intrinsic motivation according to reward shift(amount shift, but not existence shift) was found. In Experiment 3, the results of Experiment 2 were replicated.
Abstract
Though a number of models of leadership have been presented so far, they are almost exclusively focused on setting up the relation of such variables that have influence on the leadership effect. Therefore, the precise definition of leadership effect was usually less noticed than other variables in the leadership research. In this study the leadership effect was tried to define operationally concerning military groups, and the empirical data were factor-analysed. As a result, two independent leadership effects were extracted, which could be named as 'positive' and 'negative' effcts. This concept of two dimensional leadership effects implies 2 points: first, to the contrary of one-dimensional concept, leaders must seperately take notice of the 2 aspects as leadership goal, in order to reach effective leadership. And second, this result indirectly suggests a new direction in order to develop a more efficient leadership model.
Abstract
With the development of personality theories, the concept of self has been studied in many angles. On the contrary, due to this reason, a tot of terms and definitions related to the self have appeared and the direction of study for the self has been also ambiguous. And then many of the current self-esteem studies have concentrated on definition and measurement rather than self-esteem itself. There are three big issues discussed about the concept of self; that is, problems about the use of 1)the term, self-esteem or self-concept and 2) the multi-or unidimensionality, and 3)the stability or instability of the self. Among many self-prefixed terms, self-concept and self-esteem are most popular, but the use of self-esteem is more desirable than that of self-concept because all descriptions of the self involve some emotional loading. Self-esteem is recently redefined by ShaveIson(1976) who suggests the hierarchical facet model of self-esteem. After that time, the trend of study for self-esteem is moving from unidimensionality to multidimensionality. In light of multidimensionality, the instability of self-esteem can be easily received. Furthermore, the argument that each dimension of self-esteem should be weighted according to the degree of its importance is more and more dominant. For this reason, it seems reasonable to accept that general self-esteem can exist as the sum of each dimension weighted rather than as one among several dimensions or a uni-dimension.
Abstract
In the previous study(Chang, Lee, Chung, in press), two kinds of justice perspectives, the fairness perspective and the fraternity perspective, were proposed to explain cultural, individual or situational differences of justice judgements. Proceeding from their study, the present study was designed to contrast two kinds of helping: helping from the fairness perspective and the fraternity perspective. It was proposed that the would-be recipient's responsibility for his/her own need and the intimacy between would-be helper and recipient are the major determinants of helping from the fairness perspective and helping from the fraternity perspective, respectively. To contrast the characteristics of two kinds of helping, following two hypotheses were tested. (1) People taking the fairness perspective will help less those who are responsible for their own need than those who arr not, regardless of their intimacy. (2) People taking the fraternity perspective will help others in need regardless of the others' responsibility for their own need, but this unconditional helping will be restricted to their friends. The hypotheses were tested by the perspectives(2) X intimacy(2) X responsibility(2) between subjects design with measure of helping obligation: subjects taking the fairness perspective or the fraternity perspective were selected from (N=108) among two hundreds undergraduates by measure of sensitivity of fairness and fraternity, using same method of the previous study(Chang el al, in press). The intimacy(friend vs. stranger) and the responsibility(high vs. low) were manipulated in hypothetical need situation. Supporting all the hypotheses, the predicted 3 way interaction was significant. The possible limitations of some results of previous studies on helping without cosideration of the perspectives were discussed.
Abstract
The purposes of the present study were the construction of the Korean version of the authoritarian personality scale, the exploration of socio-cognitivs characteristics of authoritarian persons, and the comparison between responses to the different types of minority groups in Korean society. The results of the study with college student samples were: First, items representing the nine aspects of authoritarian personality were sampled and analyzed resulting in the construction of the 35-item Korean version of the authoritarian personality scale with high reliability and validity. Second, authoritarian persons, compared to non-autheritarian persons, were food to have tendency to use stereotypical group schema in interpersonal settings. Third, interesting differences in feelings, cognitions, and behavioral intentions were found to exist between responses to Honam people, women, and low socio-economic status people, the three minority groups in Korea. Especially the bases of discrimination were found to differ for different minority groups; negative stereotypes regarding social characters for Honam persons, negative stereotypes regarding abilities for low SES persons, and socio-cultural stereotypes regarding sex-roles for women.
Abstract
This study was intended to investigate the sex-role related stress factors of the carried working women of the low-income class, and to test the effects of sex-role characteristics on their adjustment to everyday life. Married women who are in their 20's to 40's and working in jobs such as factory worker, housemaid, street-vendor and cleaning person were interviewed with a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire included the measurement of work-related variables, interpersonal relationships and the division of household chores in the family, sex-role characteristics, and the adjustment levels. The results showed that, in addition to the difficulties of the poor working conditions such as low-income, long working hours, and poor work environment, problems due to stereotyped sex-roles such as taking care of the children, housekeeping, and over-working due to the double roles were serious stress factors for these women. The analysis of the sex-role characteristics showed in general high femininity scores and significantly low masculinity scores which is quite surprising considering the fact that these women all have jobs outside the family. Whereas the femininity scores did not have any effect, the masculinity scores had a significant effect on the prediction of the adjustment levels. This result was discussed in relation to the sex-role characteristics of this subject population.
Abstract
As an attempt to test the hypothesis that people's ingroup cognitive structure is more complex than the outgroup cognitive structure, as proposed by Linville(1982), an 2 x 2 x 2 designed experiment with independent subject groups was conducted in which in- versus out-group was differentiated by crossing 2 target groups and 2 subject groups. The third independent variable was source of list(adjectives derived from ingroup vs. adjectives derived from outgroup). Results showed a greater cognitive complexity for the ingroup as predicted in one subject group, but not in the other. An unexpected interaction effect observed between source of list and subject group further complicated the picture. Possible explanations of these results and implications for the subsequent research were discussed.
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to examine the effects of base-rate on judgments upon characteristics of target person. In experiment 1, subjects read a manipulated base-rate information and four descriptions for each target persons, and judged his attitude for family planning campaign. Subjects judged the target person's altitude according to only the description about him regardless of base-rate information when a description comprised of consistent informations. And subjects in this condition more confided to their judgment than that of the other conditon. But subjects judged the target person's altitude according to base-rate when a description comprised of inconsistent informations. Experiment 2 and 3 were designed to test hypothesis that base-rate information impacts on subject's judgment only when subject has not a causal schema corresponding to the given information, but it cannot impact on judgment when subject has a causal schema. In exp. 2, subject's judgment and confidence were impacted by base-rate in judgment of moral act, but not in immoral act. In exp. 3, subject's judgment and confidence we impacted by base-rate in judgment of failure outcome, but not in success outcome. Differences both in the impacts of base-rate on social judgments and in the subject's confidence to their judgments were discussed in a hypothetical model.
Abstract
This study attempts to investigate psychological mechanism of crowding experience in apartment residential settings according to the model of crowding experience suggested by Eunju Rhee & Gene Yoon (1986) with setting-specific approach. The respondents are the housewives who are living in the Doon-Chon Ju-Gong Apartment Complex in Seoul. Density of an apartment, individual and social variables of respondents and physical environmental variables are selected as the antecedent variables that influence on crowding experience. Four indices of apartment density were used; size of the apartment, number of family members, person per room and number of roommates. Individual variables include size and type of past residence, years of living in current residence, evaluation of current residence comparing with past and future residence, ownership of current residence and reason for selecting current residence. Developmental stages and the pattern of family structure are chosen as social variable. And the level of noise is physical environmental variable. Crowding experience is measured by four dependent measures; perceived controllability, perception of crowding, affective response to crowding and behavioral response to crowding. The results of stepwise multiple regression are as follows: At the first stage, some of the antecedent variables significantly influence to perceived controllability and at the next stage, perceived controllability mediates between antecedent variables and crowding perception. And at following stage, the crowding perception and perceived controllablity mediate between antecedent variables and affective response, and at the last stage, only affective response significantly influences on behavioral response.