Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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Vol.6 No.1
Abstract
The present paper is purposed to categorize and summarize researches related to the attribution of responsibility and the assignment of punishment for an accident, and to propose a hypohetical model of punishment assignment. Since Heider(1958) suggested that the attribution of personal responsibility varies with the relative contribution of environmental factors to the outcome, many researchers have tried to identify the variables contributing to the attribution of responsibility and the assignment of punishment. But there are the possibility that the meaning of the dependent variable(eg, responsibility) used in these researches-were varied to the research contexts. Thus I tried to clarify the concept of responsibility by dividing it into fault, responsibility, and punishment. And these three concepts are connected in a model. I mention the important psychological mechanisms in each judgments and several hypotheses driven from the model.
Abstract
This study was intended to differentiate the religious orientation according to religious attitude, and to investigate the differences of attribution of negative results in social phenomena according to religious orientation. Subjects (Protestants, Catholics, and Protestant college students) were asked to respond to religious orientation scales and attributional scales of negative results in social phenomena. In order to use five scales to measure the three orientations to religion, as a means, end, and quest, factor analysis was employed. It is possible to differentiate three religious orientations, but each component can not be said to exist independently. The significant distinction could not be made in attribution judgements in terms of age, religious history, and the different religions background. The significant difference was found between means orientation and quest orientation for attribution judgements. But the significance of difference was not found between means orientation and end orientation.
Abstract
The perceived relationships among traits measured by the two method, trait inference method and trait sorting method were contrasted. 30 trait adjectives were used in this study, which were the most frequent trait in the free-response descriptions when we asked students to describe target person. For 786 subjects(M : 420, F : 384), they were asked to judge each of the 435 pairs of 30 trait adjectives according to the trait co-occurrences. For 32 subjects(M : 22, F : 10), they were asked to sort trait adjectives into boxes, each box representing a different person. The two similarity data were used as input for clustering analysis. Differences between the two method measuring the similarity of traits was found in the resulting structures. The implications of these findings were discussed. When subjects were asked to judge for traits co-occurrences in traits inference task, their judgment was based on conceptual or semantic similarity. In trait sorting task, subject's judgment was reflected more the relationship actually observed in behavior.
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to examine the relationship between the intergroup discrimination and self-esteem in the minimal group situation. It has been demonstrated repeatedly that when subjects were merely categorized into groups and asked to distribute some values to others in the groups, they discriminated competitively in favor of their own group and strived for their own group's profit even though the criterion for the categorization was very trivial or random. Tajfel in the Social Identity Theory contends that the intergroup discrimination is a strategy for achieving self-esteem via social competition. When categorized, the subjects identify themselves with their own group, compare the ingroup with the outgroup and attempt to establish relative superior status of the ingroup to the outgroup. Thus the present study was designed to test hypotheses whether the categorization into groups makes subjects discriminate in fovor of their own group, whether the categorization or the discrimination affects self-esteem, and whether various types of distributions, (either discriminatory or fair and either voluntary or forced) also affect self-esteem. The results of this study demonstrated that, when categorized, subjects discriminated in intergroup distributions, and that categorization deteriorated self-esteem and discrimination increased the deteriorated self-esteem. In addition, all types of distributions, discriminatory as well as fair and voluntary as well as forced, increased self-esteem compared to the categorization without distribution. These results suggest that social comparison and evaluation performed by oneself provides one internal locus of control and high self-esteem.
Abstract
The present study investigated the determinants of the subjects' evaluation and perception of groups in illusory correlation paradigms. The study conducted two experiments. The experiment 1 showed that the cause of the subjects' differential evaluations of groups was not resulted from the subjects' negative evaluations of the minority group only as was assumed in the previous studies. It was found that the subjects' evaluations of groups were based on a relative comparison in which the majority group is evaluated more positively and the minority group more negatively. Because there was no difference in subjects' group evaluation when they evaluated the group based on a ratio of the desirable and undesirable stimulus behaviors. Also, it was found that this subjects' judgmental tendency of relative comparison increased as the differences in the amount of relative behavioural indices between the two groups increased. The experiment 2 showed that the subjects' frequency estimation errors in the previous studies were not caused by the distintive co-occurrence of the minority group and the infrequent behaviours of the group at the subjects' encoding of the informations. Even under conditions where the ditinctiveness did not co-occur at the encoding stage, estimation error occured and the subjects' differential evaluation of the group was maintained.
Abstract
Continued from the previous paper (Cho, 1990) regarding Mencius' theory of human nature and its psychological implications, this article aims to extract some psychological lessons from Menicus' view on education and that on moral practice. Presupposing the possible ideal state of human being, Menicus thought that anyone can reach to this state if he/she realizes that one has inborn beginnings of four virtues(i.e., the feeling of commiseration, the feeling of shame and dislike, the feeling of modesty and complaisance, and the feeling of approving and disapproving) and strives actively and subjectively for a full flourish of these beginnings into four ultimate virtues(i.e., benevolence, rightousness, propriety, and wisdom) in everyday relationships with others. Mencius taught that one can come to the realization of his/her inborn beginnings of four virtues through education and learning and that he/she can strive for a full flourish of those beginnings into ultimate virtues through moral practice in relations with others. From these Mencius' points, two psychological research issues can be derived. One is the study on the characteristics of the possible ideal state of human being and on the steps as well as methods for reaching it. Another is the study on the perspective for understanding human social relations, distinguished from that of the social exchange paradigm in the modern social psychology, and on some related social activities(i.e. the performance of role and harmony in social relations).
Abstract
Maslow's theory(1970) is important to understand the substantial structure of human basic needs. One of the question raised in his theory is, however, whether the theory can be applied to the environmental context. In this study, Maslow's theory is both theoretically and empirically investigated in the context of the housing environment. This study specially seeks to examine the relationship between residents' housing satisfaction and the human needs defined by Maslow. A modified structured interview form was used as the procedure of data gathering in six large-scale multi-family housing developments. Factor analysis was utilized to develop appropriate conceptual indices. Based upon the indices, the hypothesized model of this study was developed, and tested by path analysis. The results of model testing; showed several interesting findings ; 1) all six issues originated from Maslow's theory were strongly related to residents' housing satisfaction, suggesting a high possibility to apply the theory to the environmental context, 2) the needs in the residential environment, however, would not be organized into the independent hierarchy, as suggested by Maslow, but the causally dependent hierarchy, 3) and residential attachment is found to be a possible need to be added to Maslow's basic needs in the residential environment.
Abstract
The Purpose of the present study was to investigate experimentally the effects of the social categorization and outcome information on reducing intergroup bias in the cooperative task performance. In the first phase of the present study, members of the two groups either wore similar uniforms or different uniforms to distinguish the groups. In the second phase of the study, the two groups were combined and worked cooperatively on the tasks. And the outcome of the cooperative endeavor was manipulated so half the groups succeed and half failed. The main findings were as follows: (1) The one-group members (superordinate group) showed lower intergroup bias than the separate-two group members (subordinate group). (2) Success at the task increased the elimination of former group identies during intergroup cooperation. (3) The one-groups in the success feedback condition have lower degrees of bias than the separate-two groups in the failure feedback condition.
Abstract
To understand the social psychology of Korean people, researchers should examine cultural limitations of those psychological theories developed in the Euro-American culture. To substantiate this issue, 1 reviewed empirical evidences and arguments questioning the universality of psychological theories in seven domains ; social exchange, emotional experience, social motives (N-Achievement, N-Affiliation, & N-Power), self-presentation, social comparison, attributional biases, and cognitive consistency. This review concluded that it is critical to delineate cultural representations of indigenous phenomena and to conduct social psychological investigation of them. Finally, few suggestions were made concerning the future research in the area.
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of depression on Lewicki's self-im age bias in person perception. Beck Depression scale(BDI) was administered to college students, and depressed and non-depressed groups were sorted. And subjects were asked to rate frankly fourteen target-persons on according to seventeen trait-dimensions. Having established the subject's self-ratings representing positivity of his or her location on each dimension and each dimension's centrality measure, I determined self-ratings-centrality relation separately for each subject. This study demonstrated that there was a positive corelation between positivity of self ratings and centrality in non-depression group and a negative corelation in depression group.
Abstract
Four hypotheses which related to the inferences about interpersonal relations and subjective certainty of inferences were tested. The measures of direction of inferences and subjective certainty were obtained from five situations. These situations included inferences of P/O relations from the information of attitudinal agree-disagree, inferences of attitudinal agree-disagree from P/O or O/P relations, inferences of other person's traits from P/O or O/P inferences of other trait from other person's inferences of other trait from other persons's a specific traits, and inferences of O/P or P/O relations from P/O or O/P relations. Hypothesis 1, same direction and polarization of infercence) which dealt with direction and polarization of inference were supported from five all situations. Hypothesis 2(positivity-certainty and negativity-uncertainty) were supported from five all situations. Hypothesis 3(polarization of relations-increment of certainty were supported from four situations and was not supported from last situation. Hypothesis 4(greater difference in certainty in the positive degrees and no difference in certainty in the negative degrees) was supported from three situations and was not supported from two situations. The last results were discussed in terms of research method (that is, selection of traits). Inferences of O/P relations from P/O relations were more reciprocated, higher in certainty and smaller in certainty differences between positive and negative relations than inferences of P/O relations from O/P relations.