The purpose of this study was first to verify five factor model of gambling motives by using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis from current gambers and secondly to compare indirect model with direct model on gambling severity. Subjects were 221 gamblers participates in legal or illegal gambling such as casino, horse-racing, poker etc. The five motivational factors for gambling consist of the motives for socialization, the amusement, avoidance, excitement, and monetary. The extracted factors were adopted in order to construct an indirect model and a direct model, describing how gambling motives impact on gambling severity. The results showed that the fitness of the indirect effect model was more respectable than the direct model was: the motives for avoidance and excitement were indirectly mediated by the monetary motive in the effect on the gambling severity, whereas the monetary motive have the most powerful and direct effect among the extracted motivational factors. This previously underestimated monetary motive provides the first step towards developing more specialized instruments to predict the risk for problematic and pathological gambling behavior.
The purposes of this study were to investigate the moderating effects of personality, motivation, and social support on stress under the natural stressful situation. 10 male navy soldiers engaged in deep saturation diving training course responded NEO-PI-RS, CES-D, STAXI, Somatic Complain Symptom scale, Positive and Negative Affectivity scale, and Subjective Well-being scale during the 11 weeks. Openness and Agreeableness were correlated with 1st week(in the just before the training)'s Positive Affectivity positively, whereas Neuroticism negatively correlated with 1st week's Subjective Well-Being Emotion. The Extraversion was positively correlated with 5th week(in the midst of hard training)'s Subjective Well-Being Emotion. Members of the intrinsically motivated group were lower in 1st week's Negative Affectivity. On the other hand, Depression and Somatic Complain Symptoms were lower during the overall training period in the intrinsic motivation group. Social Support from the Family showed the moderating effects on the 1st week's State Anger and 5th week's Somatic Complain Symptoms.
The main premise of this study is that public's prejudice of and discrimination against the mentally ill seriously hinder to their rehabilitation. This study was conducted using the survey with 1101 general public in order to discover : 1) what kinds of relations do exist between socio-demographic factors of the respondents and their prejudice and discrimination, 2) in what extent do the source factors(mass media. individual experience, transmitted attitudes, linguistic and cultural influences) affect on prejudice, and 3) in what extent do prejudice factors(dangerousness, incompetence, impossibility to recover, distinguishability) affect on discrimination. The major findings of the study are : 1) Age of the respondents are positively related to the prejudice and the discrimination; 2) Using multiple regression, the source factors affect significantly on prejudice by 66.1% of explanatory power. The most powerful factors on prejudice are linguistic and cultural influence, transmitted attitudes, and the individual experience; 3) Using multiple regression, the prejudice factors affect significantly on discrimination by 35.2% of explanatory power. The most powerful factors on discrimination are dangerousness, impossibility to recover, and incompetence. In conclusion, this study recommends to clinicians to use the educational and field program that promote a familiarity with mental illness for school-aged children.
We investigated correlation between psychological stress level and one of the physiological stress biomarkers, salivary cortisol level of healthy men and women, cadets of Air Force Academy. Salivary cortisol level of individuals correlated positively with psychological stress test score (r=0.319), but it could not compatible in normal healthy individuals. On the contrary, salivary cortisol level correlated highly with psychological stress test score in individuals, who belongs to the upper 25% group based on their salivary cortisol level (r=0.626). We report that psychological stress score based on self reporting and salivary cortisol level may not be compatible in healthy men and women, however, quantitative scales come from both of measurements can be used for same purpose in some of healthy individual with relatively higher stress level(>8.5 ng/ml cortisol). In comparison between groups, second grade cadets with relatively higher score in psychological stress test had significantly higher salivary cortisol level than third year cadets with relatively low stress score in psychological stress test (p<0.002). Second grade cadets had significantly lower number of white blood cells (p<0.02) and red blood cells (p<0.03) than third year cadets. We supposed that physiological reponses against to life stressors may relate to immunity in normal situation because second grade cadets represented higher stress level had lower number of blood cells.
In this study we have attempted to find the construct of perceived information processing styles and to explain age difference in coping with stress. According to factor analysis of Perceived Modes of Processing Inventory (K-PMPI) from students and older adults, information based coping styles consist of emotional processing based on feeling and intuition, rational processing by using systematic and logical reasoning to solve problems and automatic processing from past experience. These 3 factors constitute the same items for students and older adults, and all factors have shown sufficient internal consistency. These results indicate that the perceived information processing styles is seen as cognitive process as trait over lifespan. Compared to processing styles there are differences between students and older adults: students used rational processing, however older adults used emotional processing. The more students used rational processing, the less they used emotional processing. But older adults, who used emotional processing, tend to used rational processing. It is concluded that the dominant coping styles of emotional processing of older adult is not caused by specific situational demands, but it is due to individual factors like mature. It is discussed that individual experience and mature lead older adults to emotional processing.
This study examined firstly the relationship between hyperfemininity, which is defined as exaggerated adherence to a stereotypic feminine gender role, and drinking self-regulation and secondly drinking problems in female college students. There were significant negative correlation between hyperfemininity and drinking self-regulation and positive correlation between hyperfemininity and frequency of alcohol intoxication. Also there was a significant positive correlation between hyperfemininity and the degree of drinking problems. In other words, high hyperfeminine undergraduate female students were lower in drinking self-regulation and were more likely to experience alcohol intoxication and drinking problems than low hyperfeminine students. Multiple regression analyses showed that drinking refusal ability was the most powerful predictor on alcohol intoxication frequency and problems, but hyperfemininity was not a unique significant predictor. It was suggested that hyperfemininity could be a risk factor of drinking problem development in undergraduate female students as was hypermasculinity a risk factor of drinking problem development in undergraduate male students. Discussions for the prevention strategies of drinking problems and the directions of future research based on the results were provided.
This study compares driving anger and the cognitive processes of high and low trait anger drivers in terms of the core relational theme of blame identified in the Smith and Lazarus(1993) appraisal theory. Participants were asked to rate two driving scenario, both of which resulted in negative consequences. Two version of each scenario were produced, one depicting deliberate provocation intent and the other an event of ambiguous intent. Participants high or low on trait anger(determined by the raw scores on the Trait Anger Scale; Spielberger, 1991) were randomly assigned to one of two version, resulting in a 2×2(trait anger × deliberateness of the provoking event) factorial design. High trait anger drivers blamed the antagonist more, more readily identified another person as an antagonist, and experienced more angrily to the same events, than low trait anger individuals. These appraisal biases are more marked for high trait anger drivers when there is some ambiguity as to the deliberateness of the provoking event. Psychological interventions for driving anger reduction should consider the implication of these finding.
The purpose of this study was to examine if there are interaction effects between sex and job position in explaining job stressors with a sample of employees working in service organizations. Questionnaires were distributed to four groups: 99 male managers, 102 female managers, 93 male employees, and 188 female employees. We examined difference in job stressors (role ambiguity, role conflict, role overload, role underload, aptitude incongruity, conflict between departments, dissatisfaction with a leader, dissatisfaction with colleagues, problem of participation in decision making, job instability, promotion problem, wage problem, work-family trouble, environment problem, and emotional labor) for each of the four groups (male managers, male employees, female managers, female employees). The results of two-way ANOVA showed that there were significant differences in job stressors by sex and job position.
The current study investigated a structural model of a partially mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship among antecedents variables (neuroticism, extroversion, masculinity, femininity, familial support, & Confucian values) and subjective well-being of Korean elderly. Data were collected through the structured individual interview from a sample of 495 elderly people (122 men & 371 women, aged 64～84). Results from the structural equation model analysis (LISREL 8) showed that the hypothesized model exhibited proper a fit to the data. The analysis showed that the individual self-esteem mediated the effects of neuroticism, masculinity, and femininity on subjective well-being. Familial self-esteem also mediated the effects of femininity, familial support, and Confucian value on subjective well-being. Furthermore the neuroticism and familial support had direct effects on emotional well-being. Two alternative role (completely mediating or no mediating) models regarding the self-esteem were tested. The model of completely mediating role of self-esteem fitted the data best. In this model, even familial self-esteem influences the subjective well-being through individual self-esteem. Implications and needs for future research are discussed.