Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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- P-ISSN1229-0653
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-0653
Vol.27 No.3
Abstract
Do happy teenagers become good citizens? In two studies, we examined whether happy teenagers are more likely to endorse prosocial perspectives and behaviors than their less happy peers. As expected, happy teenagers valued relationship more than money, maintained higher levels of trust and a stronger sense of community than unhappy teenagers (Study 1). Results from a longitudinal sample (Study 2) showed that teenagers' happiness predicted their prosocial views (e.g., gratitude) 8 months later, even after controlling for altruism and the initial baseline levels of the predicted variables. Furthermore, happy teenagers were more likely to engage in prosocial behaviors (e.g., blood donation) when they enrolled in college 19 months later. Prosocial attitudes partially mediated the link between happiness and prosocial behaviors. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to understand the prosocial outcomes of happiness among Korean teenagers.
Abstract
The present study investegated whether the Korean college students evaluated the racial groups(i.e., Southeast Asian migrants vs. Koreans) in general as well as the target person after they were exposed to the target who demonstrated one of the various acculturation beliefs, attitudes and behavior. More specifically, we presented the participants with video clips in which either a Korean or a Southeast Asian migrant target demonstrated one of the four types of the acculturation beliefs and attitudes in various everyday-life situations (i.e., separation, assimilation, integration or the control condition), and measures both the implicit as well as the explicit racial attitudes. The results of the ANOVAs demonstrated that the participants showed more favorable attitudes toward the target who demonstrated the integrated beliefs and attitudes than the target demonstrating separated beliefs, regardless of the race of the target. The results also demonstrated that the integrated target elicited more favorable implicit as well as explicit attitudes towards the migrant groups in general than the separated target. The evaluation of the target who showed assimilated acculturation beliefs and attitudes differed in terms of the race of the target: The Korean target who showed assimilated beliefs and attitudes was evaluated more favorably than in the Control condition, while the Southeast migrant target showing the same attitudes was evaluated less favorably than in the control condition. However, regardless of the race of the target person, the explicit ingroup favoritism of the participants increased after they were exposed to the assimilated beliefs and attitudes. Finally, only for those who were less identified as Koreans supported the multiculuralism policies of the government more when they were exposed to the integrated target than in the Control condition. We discussed the theoretical as well as practical implications of these results.
Abstract
The present study examined the comparable and differential effects of money and power on interpersonal distance, which was divided into social or psychological distance and physical distance. In Experiment 1, the effect of money and power on social distance was examined and social distance was measured by a perspective taking task. Because similar effects of money and power were expected, the two groups, primed with money and power, were compared to a control group. As expected, both groups showed more social distance compared to the control group. In Experiment 2, the effect of money and power on physical distance was investigated. As expected, the group primed with power showed more physical closeness than the group primed with money. Finally, comparable and differential aspects of money and power were discussed.
Abstract
Kruger and Dunning (1999) demonstrated that those who are less competent in a specific domain are more likely to overestimate their performance. In the current research, this so-called Dunning-Kruger effect was replicated in a real-life academic context with data collection in an undergraduate course. Right after the final exam, students estimated their performance. Comparisons of these estimates with actual scores revealed Dunning-Kruger effect. A pattern emerged in which, effort in exam preparation had both an indirect, decreasing effct and a direct, increasing effect on overestimation. An alternative explanation of Dunning-Kruger effect that it is an artifact caused by perceived difficulty was not supported, and whether performance estimation was made at a more specific or a more abstract level did not lead to a significant difference in the degree of overestimation. In sum, the results of this study is more consistent with Kruger and Dunning's (1999) ‘metacognition’ account than either ‘regression to the mean’ account (Krueger & Mueller, 2002) or ‘task difficulty’ account (Burson, Larrick, & Klayman, 2006). Alternative explanations, limitations of the study, and future directions are discussed.
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify the psychological characteristics of suspects under lie detection situations. For this, the psychological characteristics between 157 ordinary people and 146 suspects were compared using scales which were measuring state/trait anxiety, shame/guilt, deceit/manipulation, and defensiveness. Additionally, to identify the difference according to existence of lying, this study divided suspects into lie and truth group and further analyzed differences of psychological characteristics between 2 groups. As a result, suspects showed significantly higher state anxiety, higher defensive tendency, and lower deceptive tendency than ordinary people, but there was no statistically significant differences of psychological characteristics between lie and truth group. This implies feeling higher anxiety and having positive impression management with high defensive and low deceptive tendency at the same time in suspects under lie detection situations. In addition, these results may predict that lie detection situations may not influence the results of lie detection test because suspects have similar psychological characteristics regardless of existence of lying.
Abstract
Major shortcomings in P300-based CIT are the length of time to complete the test and vulnerability to countermeasures. The present study examined whether inter-stimulus interval (ISI) less than 1 second could make up for the two shortcomings of P300-based CIT. Study 1 examined detection accuracy of P300-based CIT with ISI less than 1 second. Compared to 3000ms ISI, 500ms ISI significantly decreased the difference of P300 amplitude between the probe and the irrelevant stimuli. Although the difference of P300-based amplitude between the probe and the irrelevant stimuli with 800ms ISI also decreased from that with 3000ms ISI, interestingly, the decrease was not significant. Study 2 examined effect of countermeasure in 500ms, 800ms and 3000ms ISI. The effect of countermeasure with 800ms and 3000ms ISI was not significant, while it was significant with 500ms ISI at alpha level of .1. With 500ms ISI, detection accuracy of P300-based CIT diminished. The results of study 1 and 2 suggest that 800ms ISI would supplement the two shortcomings of P300-based CIT without a significant loss of accuracy.
Abstract
This study examined the tax payment behavior in the psycho-social perspective, getting out of traditional economic perspectives for the study of the tax payment behavior. We tried to design a model and verify it assuming various criteria for tax payment behavior as the latent variable of tax payment behavior, individual psycho-social variables as the latent variable of tax payment attitudes which can predict the tax payment behavior, and the characteristics of fair society as the latent variable of fair society perception. Participants were total 1,179 people including 905 people of salary earners and 274 people of business income earners. Data was collected by online panel survey. As the result of the construct validity verification of the tax payment behavior, it was shown that the tax payment behavior is consisted of 4 types of behavior-voluntary tax compliance, enforced tax compliance, tax avoidance, and tax evasion. Further they were classified into tax compliance behaviour(voluntary tax payment) and tax resistance behavior(enforced tax compliance, tax avoidance, tax evasion). Positive correlations among tax payment attitudes, fair society perception, and 4 types of tax payment behaviors were observed. In the model verification, tax payment attitude had a meaningful impact on tax compliance behaviour and tax resistance behavior, but fair society perception didn't affect both behaviors. Preferably, tax resistance behavior had a meaningful impact on fair society perception. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study, suggestions for a healthy tax culture, and the future research directions were discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the determinants of tax avoidance with emphasis on the role of social inference. Total of 1281 participants' data was gathered and analyzed with hierarchical regression model using variables such as demographical information, knowledge level, past experience(s) of tax avoidance, social inference, and etc. The results suggest that inference within in-group, perceived equity, tax ethics, attitude of tax organization, perceived necessity, majority inference, subjective knowledge, and sex were crucial factors when it comes to tax avoidance. Specifically, both of ‘majority inference’ that many people are doing the tax avoidance and ‘similarity inference’ that how the tax evaders are similar to them influenced the tax avoidance under categories of social inference. In more detail, the social inference that ‘similar people are doing the tax avoidance’ was found to be significant factor that explained the phenomenon of tax avoidance more than any other factors that had investigated in the previous studies. Moreover, these social inferences showed different scores depending on participants' subjective knowledge and tax ethics. This suggests that what determines the tax avoidance does not lie in the individual aspects as demographics, or tax ethics but in the social aspects that inference of other people and the society plays important role.
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of expectation for payment or refund on reference points and tax compliance when people faced additional tax payment. In addition, it was examined if the effects of expectation were different according to jobs (the employed vs. the self-employed) and individual differences such as sex and regulatory focus affected tax compliance. Hypothetical scenarios were provided presenting additional payment situations with different manipulations of expectation and tax compliance was measured. The results showed that tax compliance was different depending on jobs. In case of the employed, when there was no expectation, tax compliance was higher in the refund condition than in the payment condition, replicating the withholding phenomenon. When there was expectation, however, tax compliance was higher in the payment condition than in the refund condition, suggesting that the expected asset position was used as reference points. In case of the self-employed, the manipulations of expectation did not affect tax compliance. When sex and regulatory focus were analyzed together in each job category, the employed were affected more by promotion focus, whereas the self-employed were affected more by prevention focus and the self-employed showed more complex interactions among sex, regulatory focus, and expectation. Finally, theoretical and practical implications were discussed.
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of expectation for payment or refund on reference points and tax compliance when people faced additional tax payment. In addition, it was examined if the effects of expectation were different according to jobs (the employed vs. the self-employed) and individual differences such as sex and regulatory focus affected tax compliance. Hypothetical scenarios were provided presenting additional payment situations with different manipulations of expectation and tax compliance was measured. The results showed that tax compliance was different depending on jobs. In case of the employed, when there was no expectation, tax compliance was higher in the refund condition than in the payment condition, replicating the withholding phenomenon. When there was expectation, however, tax compliance was higher in the payment condition than in the refund condition, suggesting that the expected asset position was used as reference points. In case of the self-employed, the manipulations of expectation did not affect tax compliance. When sex and regulatory focus were analyzed together in each job category, the employed were affected more by promotion focus, whereas the self-employed were affected more by prevention focus and the self-employed showed more complex interactions among sex, regulatory focus, and expectation. Finally, theoretical and practical implications were discussed.
Abstract
The present research aimed to examine tax payers’ rationality and selfishness in their judgment of tax system. We developed a standard scenario describing the average Korean tax payer and then 15 versions of scenarios varying on tax-irrelevant factors such as nationality, education, occupation, housing type, income source, political attitudes, and criminal records including income which is crucial for tax imposing. 1,361 Korean adults read one of these scenarios and reported estimates of proper amount of income tax in rate. The analyses revealed a significant difference in imposed tax rate between types of housing type. That is, the participants imposed higher tax rate toward house owners than tenants. And, income level and occupation interacted in impacts on imposed tax rate. Imposed tax rates were increased toward professionals as the income increased, but the trend was not the case for office workers and self-employers. Most interestingly, people imposed lower tax rate when they perceived the income levels of scenarios similar to theirs own income. These results indicated that taxpayers often make an irrational and selfish judgment on the fair tax system. We discussed social psychological contribution to enhance social consensus and subjectively fairness in tax system.
Abstract
This research aimed to exam the effect of quantity and types (such as, social comparison and amount/rate information) of tax-related information on perception of tax fairness and tax adequacy. 315 adults participated an internet survey developed with 2 (social comparison: only own paystub vs. others’ paystubs ) X 3 (metrics of tax; absolute amount vs. rate vs. both) mixed design. Participants were first presented with a hypothetical paystub within their own income range and then later five hypothetical paystubs that were designed to describe all range of incomes according to the Standard of Aggregate Income Assessment. The paystubs provide the taxes either in absolute amount, rate, or both. Participants reported twice perceived adequacy and fairness of the present tax both right after the first paystub of their own income range and after the extra five paystubs. The results revealed a significant effect of social comparison information. That is, the extra five paystubs of all income range, in addition to a paystub of their own income range, made the tax system perceived fairer. Furthermore, there were an interaction effects between social comparison information and metrics of tax. That is, the impacts of social comparison information were stronger when the paystubs provided both tax absolute amounts and rates. The results were discussed in terms of optimal quantity and quality of tex-related information for rational judgment and social attitudes toward tex system.