Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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- P-ISSN1229-0653
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-0653
Vol.28 No.2
Abstract
The conceptual framework of individualism-collectivism describes the relationship between individuals and core groups in a cultural context. Therefore, individualism-collectivism is related with sense of community (SOC), which refers to an individual’s personal attitude to the community. This study examined the relationship between individual’s individualism-collectivism cultural disposition and SOC toward three types of community, namely, territorial, activity-based, and cyber community, respectively. In particular, this work paid attention to the socio-cultural implications of age groups, differences in cultural disposition due to membership in a particular age group, SOC, and relationships between cultural dispositions and SOC. A survey was conducted on 932 men and women aged 20 to 50 years. The major findings of this study are as follows. First, differences were seen in the community activity level, SOC, and collectivism tendencies in all three types of community brought about by membership in an age group. Second, horizontal collectivism (HC) commonly had a strong positive effect on all three types of SOC. Third, in spite of the common effect of HC, distinct relationships were observed between cultural dispositions and SOC depending on the nature of each community type and age group. In the case of participants in their 20s, overall results showed different trends compared with other age groups. Meanwhile, the positive effect of vertical individualism (VC) toward SOC for cyber community was notable in people in their 40s and 50s. These results were discussed, focusing on the differences brought by the nature of particular communities, including core group social networks, differences in values and behavior aspect per age group, and differences in community preference and activity level per cohort or life cycle group.
Abstract
This research intended to examine an effect of extralegal factors such as victim's characteristics, etc. except for legal factors necessary for sentencing judgement of sexual violence on jury verdict. Thus, it intended to prepare empirical base to examine possibilities of unfair treatment of justice procedure for victims or the accused. the contents showed by this research are as follows. First, jury reduced determination of punishment of the accused by about the half averagely after they knew that victims of sexual violence have a career of charge withdrawal for previous sexual violence. Second, jury who was suggested by victims' previous work in similar prostitution tended to reduce determination of punishment of the accused in comparison with the time before the suggestion. Fourth, if suggesting a petition of victims of sexual violence, determination of punishment of the accused was significantly increased in comparison with the time before the suggestion. Among the three factors of victims, what makes the most effects on determination of punishment was a condition of charge withdrawal. Next, there were working in similar prostitution and suggestion of victim's petition in order. However, general influence was existing by treatment, but it implies that strength of influence was different by treatment condition among them. It should be necessary to examine verdict of jury for the utilization of victim factors as a ground of jury's determination of punishment through the quantitative analysis in the future. This research showed that there will be possibilities to make an effect on jury's legal judgement if extralegal victim factors are introduced to the court. In the future, we should make an effort to prepare procedural standard which can exclude extralegal factors before the gradually expanded execution of civic participation in criminal trials.
Abstract
Can people make valid personality judgments from a person’s voice? This study examined whether women could judge men’s extraversion level based solely on their voices. In Study 1, 51 females rated the extraversion level of male participants after hearing their voices recorded during a scripted dialogue with a confederate. The raters’ extraversion ratings correlated with the target person’s self-reported extraversion, behavioral activation system, and number of reported friends. In Study 2, 47 females rated the extraversion level of males after hearing a 3-second recording of a news article they read alone. Again, extraversion judged from the voice clips correlated with the target’s self-reported extraversion level, and 8 months later, with the amount of pleasure experienced in social activities and importance attached to achievement and hedonic values. Our research suggests that a person’s voice, disclosed merely a few seconds, can serve as a reliable cue for inferring his/her personality.
Abstract
After basic needs (e.g., food) are fulfilled, money no longer plays a notable role in increasing happiness. We hypothesized that, after the basic needs are satiated, social needs will emerge as a more potent predictor of happiness. In support of this idea, perceptions of social support and happiness correlated more strongly among individuals with high than low income (Study 1). In Study 2, this idea was tested at a University cafeteria setting to increase the external validity of this phenomenon. As expected, manipulating one’s social relationship quality had a more visible impact on happiness after rather than before one’s meal. Findings from these two studies collectively suggest that after basic needs are fulfilled (sufficient income, Study 1; after a meal, Study 2), the importance of social needs in happiness increases.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to verify the structural relationships among autonomy need satisfaction, competence need satisfaction, hopeful thinking and academic engagement to examine the psychological foundation to promote hopeful thinking and why autonomy need satisfaction and competence need satisfaction support academic engagement in classroom learning activities. Using both self-determination theory and hope theory, this study investigated whether hopeful thinking mediates the otherwise direct effects that both autonomy need satisfaction and competence need satisfaction have on classroom engagement. Five hundred thirteen students self-reported their class-specific autonomy need satisfaction, competence need satisfaction, academic engagement and hopeful thinking. A structural equation modeling analysis showed that even considering the direct effects of two need satisfactions (autonomy, competence) on academic engagement, hopeful thinking fully mediated the relation between autonomy need satisfaction and academic engagement. Also, hopeful thinking partially mediated the relation between competence need satisfaction and academic engagement. These findings have theoretical implications to integrate hope theory into the existing self-determination theory literature and shed light on importance of basic psychological need satisfaction (autonomy, competence) and hopeful thinking in educational settings.
Abstract
The present study examined the moderating effect of trait meta-mood on the relationship between mental disorder and suicidal ideation. The participants were 219 college students (147 males, 73 females). They completed the Korean Mental Disorder Inventory (K-MDI), the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS), and the Suicidal Ideation Scale (SIQ). The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed significant interaction effects of trait meta-mood and mental disorder on suicidal ideation. The effect of mental disorder on suicidal ideation differed according to the level of trait meta-mood. As for the group with low level of trait meta-mood, suicidal ideation was more likely to be reported at increasing level of mental disorder. On the contrary, as for the group with high level of trait meta-mood, the level of suicidal ideation was low regardless of severity of mental disorder. Based on the findings, the possibility that emotional intelligence may work as a potential protective factor in the relationship of mental disorder to suicidal ideation was discussed.
Abstract
With regard to investigating the cause of deviant/delinquent behaviors, this study tested the two models: 1) three types of deviant behaviors, such as status, severe, and cyber delinquency as the constituents of general deviance and 2) the three delinquencies are independent from one another using hybrid structural equation modeling. The data used are from the middle school student cohort of Korean Children-Youth Panel Survey(KCYPS) and analyses were conducted using Mplus (V.6.12). Since the three delinquencies with many zeroes were predicted by 21 independent variables, zero-inflated poisson models were constructed. The analysis showed that the model with the three delinquencies as constituents of general deviances fit better. The poisson model shows two outputs: First, the logit model outcome shows that the probability of belonging to structurally zero group (non risk group) was negatively associated with aggression, having friends with status deviances, and high family income, but associated positively with parental abuse. Second, with the possion model, the effect of independent variables predicting the frequency of committing deviant behavior depends on types of deviances. The effects of emotion/affect, personality, family/parenting styles, school environment (teacher, peer relations) varied. However, male students and those who were recipient of violence were associated positively with the probability of committing the three types of delinquencies. However, caution is needed interpreting the log-odds of belong to a non-risk group since the correct classification rate is not so high. Suggestions were made to prevent juvenile delinquencies.
Abstract
The present study examined the possibility that information relevant to the concepts of city and rural areas presented outside of conscious awareness can influence impression formation. Participants initially performed a parafoveal vigilance task in which some were exposed subliminally to words related to the concept of city area while others were exposed to the rural area concept. In an ostensibly unrelated second task, participants read a behavioral description of a stimulus person whose behavior was ambiguous, and then rated him on several personality traits. The results showed that participants whose concept of city area was primed formed more positive impressions of the stimulus person, especially on an ability dimension, than those primed with the concept of rural area. The implications of this study for stereotypes of city versus rural areas and the unconsciousness of priming effects are discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a self-regulation program for juvenile delinquents and evaluate its effects. The program was developed to improve juveniles' self-control and to decrease their impulsiveness, aggression, and delinquency behavior. This study was expected to decrease juvenile delinquents' recidivism and help their adaptation to a real life. Students in Adolescent Violence Prevention Center in Pusan Metropolitan City were randomly assigned to a treatment group(n=15) and a comparison group(n=15). A non-treatment group(n=15) was also composed juvenile delinquents in P high school at the same city. The treatment group took a self-regulation program, the comparison group was with previous program for the center, and the non- treatment group did not receive any treatment program. One or two group leaders participated in the treatment group for each session twice a day during 5 days. The results were as follows. First, the level of self-control in the treatment group was significantly improved than the comparison and control groups. Second, the level of impulsiveness and aggression in the treatment group were significantly decreased than the other groups. Third, the effects of improved self-control, and decreased impulsiveness and aggression remained after 6 weeks. Finally, Implication and limitation of study were discussed.
Abstract
Although groups have potentials of superior decision making than individuals on the basis of diverse sources and therefore a more complete information base, they do not always make better decisions than individuals. The present study examined influence of biased information processing on decision making. We regarded the process of decision making of individuals and of groups as a single continuous process. It was assumed that at each stage of decision making, the biased information processing would eventually impact on the quality of decision negatively. As factors which affect the quality of decision making, are included such as bias in information sampling, evaluating, integrating up to choosing the correct option, and bias in information exchanging and integrating in group decision making. Result suggested that individuals focus on a small number of subjective important informations for decision rather than use all given informations; moreover intuitive information processing enables better decision than systematic processing. Furthermore, not all informations are exchanged equivalent in group discussion, instead, shared informations are mentioned more frequently and deemed more important than unshared. It showed also confirmatory bias for the information which is consistent with the initial decision. Based on the result of the above study, some ways to improve group decision making are discussed.
Abstract
Morality plays an important role in impression formation by signaling a target's prosociality and resulting in a positive evaluation of the target. However, little is known about the effect of how moral principles that a target endorses on impression formation. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether and how targets with different moral decision styles, namely utilitarian and deontologist, are perceived differently. In study 1, participants were asked to evaluate an utilitarian target and a deontological target on warmth-competence domain and big-five personality traits. Results showed that the deontological target scored higher in warmth than the utilitarian target, while the opposite was true in competence rating. In addition, participants reported that the deontological target was more likeable than the utilitarian target. In study 2, we replicated the findings of study 1 with between-subject design. Mediation analysis revealed that the favorable attitude toward a deontological target was mainly mediated by warmth rating. In study 3, we tested whether deontologists and utilitarians are favored in different decision domains. Participants were provided with behavioral vignettes depicting various daily problems in social or nonsocial domains and asked to indicate which target they would like to ask for advice. We found that deontologists and utilitarians were preferred in social and non-social problems, respectively. Our findings suggest that impression formation process can be influenced not only by how moral a target is but also by what specific moral principle a target follows when making moral decision.