Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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- P-ISSN1229-0653
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-0653
Vol.13 No.2
Abstract
The present research consisting of two related experiments using two co-worker paradigm concerns to search the preference pattern in the outcome(reward and cost) allocating situation. It was assumed that allocators had the motive to maximize their benefits and to manage their impression simultaneously. After one subject and one confederate work together, in experiment 1 subjects asked to allocate their reward (academic credits) to them and their coworker(confederate) and in experiment 2 asked to cost(academic credits) allocation. In experiment 1, when the motive of subject to maximize self-benefit was prior to impression management and his input(manipulated by die relative size of their and coworker's correct answers) was smaller than coworker's, he allocated their reward according to equality norm. But subject allocated their reward according to equity norm in situation which his motive to manage self-impression was prior to self-benefit and his input was larger than coworker's. In experiment 2 dealing with cost allocation, it was found that subjects generally preferred equality norm to equity norm.. Especially when the motive of subject to manage self-impression was prior to that of self-benefit and his responsibility of the cost was larger than coworker's, subject prefer equality norm to equity norm in allocating their cost. Generally speaking, subjects' preference of distributive norms is different according to outcome valence (reward and cost) and the priority of their motives. Finally above results were discussed in the theoretical and practical contexts.
Abstract
Changes of values and generational gaps between 1970's and 1990's in Korea were analyzed based on the two periods' survey data. Direct comparisons were possible by including the same items in 1998 survey as in 1979. Remarkable characteristics of the values of Koreans at the end of 1990's were (l)the increase of individualism emphasizing self and close family (more prominent in younger, highly educated, and higher income groups), (2)the increase of egalitarian perspective toward women (permission of social activity, decrease of stick to chastity), (3)temporal retreat of postmaterialism toward materialism after the beginning of IMF, and (4)the increase of assertiveness and a slight decrease of uncertainty avoidance. Younger generation's values where noticeable increase of generational gaps were observed were the emphasis of rich life, the negligence of chastity and of upper-lower status distinction, and the increase of individualism and of assertiveness. Greater increases of generational gaps were found in. rapidly changed values, which could be attributed to a more rapid and greater change in younger than older generation. Temporal retreat toward materialism from postmaterialism after the beginning of IMF was also more rapid in younger than older generation. The degrees of increase and decrease in various dimensions of values and generational gaps were discussed in terms of the distinction between cohort effect and simple aging.
Abstract
Effects of strengthened processing strategies on the judgment about social groups were investigated with categorization task. Across experiment 1 and 2, the processing strategies for categorizing targets by exemplar or abstract information, participants were asked to perform repeatedly the categorization task. Experiment 1 assessed what effects the strengthened processing strategies would have on categorizing social groups with different contents. Those who relied on the abstract-information-based strategy in categorization judgments used this information as a basis of the categorization judgments of new social groups. Similarly, those who used repeatedly the exemplar information used it as basis of categorization judgments. These findings indicate that the strengthened processing strategies affect selecting information to be used in categorization judgment of new social groups. Experiment 2 was conducted to estimate the effect of one strengthened processing strategy on the usage of the other non-strengthened one. Those participants who were attuned to the processing strategy based on the abstract information made more judgment errors in the categorization judgments when they were instructed to use exemplar than abstract information, but not vice versa. These results implicate that the strengthened processing strategy based on abstract information confines the kind of information to be used in the categorization judgments, and that the abstract information would be dominant over the exemplar one.
Abstract
A model of the effects of work environments, work motivations, and modes of problem solving on organizational creativity was developed and tested with survey responses from 70 employees in a bank and 125 employees in 20 large advertising firms in Korea. A series of analysis of the hypothetical model indicated; l)work environments affect individual's work motivations, and not vice versa, 2)work environments of creativity stimulants had positive direct effects on organizational creativity and also had indirect effects through the medium of internal motivation and bisociative mode of problem solving, 3)those of creativity obstacles had negative direct effects on organizational creativity but positive effects on external motivation, and a factor of synergistic extrinsic motivation had positive effects on both associative and bisociative modes of problem solving, and finally both modes of problem solving had positive effects on organizational creativity. Methodological issues related to the examination of the model are discussed, along with the consideration of the psychological mechanisms of synergistic extrinsic motivators on organizational creativity.
Abstract
Effects of response styles and information sources which were predicted differently from the three major theories of group polarization were tested against 112 female college students. Persuasive arguments theory predicts group polarization on private responses, social comparison theory predicts it on public responses, while self-categorization theory argues the polarizing effects on both response styles. According to self categorization theory, only ingroup members can induce group polarization, but other two theories do not consider the source effects. It was assumed that response styles and information sources could be affected by the ability of ingroup/outgroup, and we hypothesized that group ability would influence subjects private responses, on the other hand, information sources would affect subjects public responses. The results confirmed these hypotheses. Other results showed that, as predicted, the amount of polarizaton on public responses was bigger than that on private responses and also the amount of polarization produced by an able group was larger than that by an unable group. Based on these results, the nature of intragroup influence was discussed.
Abstract
The present study was carried out (a) to develop a Rape Myths Scale by revising the Burt s Rape Myths Acceptance Scale(Burt, 1980) and including more rape myths, (b) to assess the reliability and validity of the new scale, and (c) to examine the underlying nature of rape myths. Data collected from male undergraduate students and incarcerated criminals showed that (a) a Rape Myths Scale is highly reliable and valid, and (b)rape myths consist of 6 factors: Victim s sexual experience, misperception of woman s behavior, attribution of rape responsibility, victim fabrication, and victim pleasure. The statistically significant and positively correlated relationships between rape myths and sexual behaviors were found to be important. Undergraduate students differed from the criminals in that relationships. In the undergraduate students, victim s sexual experience, misperception of woman s behavior, and attribution of rape responsibility were positively associated with sexual behaviors. However, the relationships were not obtained in the incarcerated criminals. These results indicated that psychological processes involved in the relation between rape myths and sexual behaviors are different across the two respondent groups. Discussion focuses on the plausible underlying psychological processes between rape myths and sexual behaviors.
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of emotional labour upon felt-emotions, expressed emotions, and their discrepancies. We developed an emotional labour scale, measured emotional labour with the scale, and explored the effects of emotional labour in job situations upon emotional experiences, expressions, and their discrepancies. The results are summarized as follows: (i) emotional labour was positively correlated with the negative felt-emotions such as unpleasantness, tiredness, and negative arousal, (ii) emotional labour was -I] positively correlated with the positive expressed-emotions such as pleasantness, passion, and calmness, (iii) emotional labour in the case of positive emotions was positively correlated with the discrepancies of expressed-minus felt-emotions and in the case of negative emotions was positively correlated with the discrepancies of felt- minus expressed-emotions. The results of the present study were discussed in terms of the feeling and display rules in the organizations requiring emotional labour.
Abstract
This research was to investigate the effects of contextualized perception and decontextualized perception from a specific role relation on stereotype. In this study, two hypotheses were established. One is that contextualized perception from a specific role increased stereotype because people use role expectation as judgment criterion in evaluating others(hypothesis I). Another is that decontextualized perception from a specific role decreased stereotype because the perception of descriptive meaning on other traits would be increased(hypothesis II). In study 1, a gender role contextualized condition and a race role contextualizd condition were manipulated, the judgement criterion was measured by impression judgement on others to whom a specific role had been given, and contents of gender stereotype and racial stereotype were measured by inferring their traits, also. In result, in gender role condition agentic values and communal values were the judge- ment criteria., while in race role condition protestant ethic values and consideration values were the judgment criteria. Moreover, the traits(gender stereotype traits and race stereotype traits) consistent with the judgment criteria were more bias inferred as role-contextualized condition. In study 2, a gender role con- textualized condition and a uncontextualized condition were manipulated, amounts of stereotype processing of targets traits measured in two conditions. In result, stereotype processing more increased in consistent- traits than in inconsistent-traits with judgement criteria of targets, and was increased more in contextualized condition than in uncontextualizd condition. In results of study 1, 2, the hypothesis I was supported. In study 3, a gender role contextualized condition and a decontextualized condition were manipulated, and gender stereo-type was measured and the perception of descriptive meaning on 'gender role traits also was measured by using traits-classification-task. In result, gender stereotype was more decreased, and the perception of descriptive meaning on 'gender role traits was increased in decontextualized condition than in contextualized condition. Therefore hypothesis II was supported. In discussion, the implications and validity of role-contextualization hypothesis in explaining stereotype was discussed.
Abstract
The present study investigated effects of sucess/failure feedback, consistency of sucess/failure feedback, relevance of comparison attribute, and perceived controllability of performance on choice of comparison target. In experiment 1, a 3(sucess/failure feedback: success, moderate, failure) x 2(consistency of sucess/ failure feedback: consistent, inconsistent) x 2(relevance of comparison attribute: relevant, irrelevant) completely randomized factorial design was used. One hundred and eighty college students were randomly assigned to one of the 12 experimental conditions. In Experiment 2, restricted within relevant condition in experiment 1, a 2(sucess/failure feedback: success, failure) x 2(consistency of sucess/failure feedback: consistent, inconsistent) x 2(perceived controllability: low, high) completely randomized factorial design was used. One hundred and twenty college students were randomly assigned to one of the 8 experimental conditions. Main findings were as follows: First, the effects of sucess/failure feedback was significant in experiment 1 and experiment 2. Success feedback led subjects to choose upward comparison target and failure feedback led them to choose downward comparison target. Second, the effects of consistency of sucess/failure feedback was significant only in experiment 2. Inconsistent feedback led subjects to choose lateral comparison target in experiment 2. This trend was found in experiment 1, which was not statistically significant. Finally, consistency of feedback and perceived controllability made the effects of feedback of social comparison more stronger. Consistent success feedback led subjects to choose upward comparison target more than inconsistent success feedback did. And consistent failure feedback led subjects to choose downward comparison target more than inconsistent failure feedback did. In success condition, subjects who perceived high controllability chose upward comparison target more than those who perceived low controllability did. And in failure condition, subjects who perceived low controllability chose downward comparison target more than those who perceived high controllability did. In the stream of social comparison theories, the limitations of this study and suggestions for future study were discussed.
Abstract
This study investigated Korean college students' stereotype of South and North Korea and their subgroups. Subjects perceived North Korea as an out-group which had attributes of men similar to its dominators, whereas perceived North Koreans as an in-group which had attributes of women similar to the ones who are dominated, women, and girls in North Korea. As a results, there was difference between subjects' perception of North Korea and North Koreans. However, subjects similarly perceived South Korea and its people. Subjects perceived South Korea as a nation to have similarity to South Korean men, but also perceived it to have attributes of South Korean women. Lastly, subjects perceived that the dominators of both South and North Korea share many negative attributes. Implications of the results of this study in stereotype research of South and North Korea have been discussed.
Abstract
This paper deals with the diverging effects of different cultural views of person in general, especially the self, on characteristic motivations and motivated behaviors in everyday interactions. From the review of the massive articles concerning cultural influences on motivations, it was found that cultural views of person in general and the self as independent, separate and autonomous being, predominant in the individualistic cultures, or as interdependent and relational being, predominant in the collectivist cultures, foster and encourage cross-culturally divergent needs and incentives. In individualistic cultures, self-directed motive, individually oriented achievement motive, motive to control environment, self-enhancement motive and consistency motive are relatively salient; but in collectivist cultures, other-directed motive, socially oriented achievement motive, motive to control internal desires, self-criticism motive and conformity motive are relatively dominant.
Abstract
Koreans are perplexed when they are confronted with a question such, as: "Who are you or What are you?" In general, Koreans have rare opportunities to think about those questions. However, if the questions are rephrase as the following: "What is your mind or Shimcheong when you are with your friends or when you are in conflict with your friends?" Then they are able to answer these questions more easily as compare to the first questions. This indicates that Koreans placed a great importance of their selves or minds in relation to their interpersonal relationships as well as in a specific context or situation. In contrast, the Westerners are able to respond to the question "Who are you?" since this question is in terms of their ontological beings. In other words, Westerners reflect and analyze their selves constantly as opposed to Koreans who placed their selves in the mind(ma-um) of the Korean people. The present authors define the Western self-concept as the 'Referential Entity-Self' and the Korean self-concept as 'Inferential Mind-Self'. This study examines die Korean self-concept based on the response from the university students. Moreover, if focuses on the comparison of 'Western self-concept with the Korean mind-self.
Abstract
A scale, developed by Triandis(1995), of classifying people into four categories (Individualism/Collectivism × Horizontal/Vertical) was administered to a sample of adult population in Korea. Among 848 people, 46% were HI, 28% HC, 21% VC, and 5% were VI. The proportion of Individualists was as high as that of Collectivists. Individualists were majority among young people and among the highly educated. In all segments of the sample, horizontalists were the majority. The shift from Collectivism to Individualism was. apparent but the shift from Verticalism to Horizontalism was more apparent. Korean people's belief about the traditional value systems(familism and Confucianism) is in general not strong; it was weakest among the HI. Two issues were discussed from the results; the cultural transition and the measurement of cultural profile.
Abstract
A self-regulation theory of social comparisons processes, which assumed interaction effects of goal-setting and commitment for social comparison, was proposed and the derived hypothesis in choice of comparison target were tested through a laboratory experiment. A 3(goal-setting for social comparison: self-promotion, self-assessment, self-enhancement) x 3(performance feedback: success, similar, failure) x 2(certainty of feedback: certain, uncertain) completely randomized factorial design was used. Two hundred seventy college students were randomly assigned to one of the 18 experimental conditions. The results showed that the hypothesized three main effects were confirmed and, more importantly, the hypothesized 3-way interaction was confirmed. In accordance with the hypothesis, more upward social comparison targets were chosen in self-promotion goal/certain/success feedback condition than any other condition. Choice percentage of similar other was the highest in uncertain/similar performance feedback condition, compared to other condition. It was also revealed that more downward comparison targets were chosen in self-enhancement goal/certain/failure feedback condition than any other condition. The result also strongly suggested that social comparison motivation was an important mediator between the antecedent variables and the choice of comparison target. The self-regulation theory of social comparison, which was proposed in this paper, and the obtained results were discussed in term of the theories and results of the previous studies. The limitations of the study and suggestions for future study were also discussed.