Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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- P-ISSN1229-0653
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-0653
Vol.25 No.2
Abstract
The present study examined how trust in generalized others, trust in government, and trust in civic organizations affect the perception of public conflicts through a nation-wide survey(n = 1014). The results showed that people with higher levels of trust in generalized others and government are more likely to value the role that public conflicts play in developing democracy, to expect the decrease of public conflicts in the future, and to expect the rational and peaceful resolution of public conflicts in the future, while people with higher levels of trust in civic organizations recognize that public conflicts have helped to develop democracy and will be resolved more rationally in the future. Also, when controlling demographic variables(e.g., gender, age, education), trust in government and civic organizations predicted the perceived contribution of public conflicts to democracy, and trust in generalized others and government predicted the expectation of decrease of public conflicts and the expectation of rational and peaceful resolution of public conflicts in the future. The implications and limitations of the present study were discussed.
Abstract
This study aimed to compare false memory effects of goal priming and directed forgetting to control negative stereotypical informations about elderly adults. Participants, 22 male and 34 female university students listened to a news about increasing rates of elderly citizens in Korea living alone. This was followed by a lexical decision task with stereotypical and nonstereotypical words, to investigate the activation of aging stereotypes and to devide the participants into two groups according to high or low stereotype activation. After that, the participants read articles about young and elderly people either under the condition of goal priming or under the condition of the forget instruction. Finally, a recognition test was conducted based on the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm to compare effects of these two conditions for false memory about stereotypical and nonstereotypical items between the two groups with high or low stereotype activation. The results indicated that the false recognition rates for stereotypical items were significantly higher in the high activation group with the forget instruction than in this group of the goal priming condition. However, there were no significant differences in the false recognition rates for the nonstereotypical items. These findings supported our hypothesis, that the forget instruction activates negative stereotypical information, which resulted in the memory illusion and the disruption of stereotype control. In addition, the false recognition rates under the condition of goal priming were lower than under the condition of the forget instruction, which might be interpreted as evidence for effective stereotype control. Implications of the outcome for stereotype control are discussed.
Abstract
This study addressed effects of verbal inhibition on marital satisfaction by importing demand/withdraw communication patterns between husband and wife as a mediator and confirming the results through the APIM(Actor-Partner Interdependence Model). The outcome of this study can be divided in two major points. First, by verifying how verbal inhibition affects the level of marital satisfaction, it was proven that verbal inhibition of the husband has an effect on his own marital satisfaction significantly but there were little partner effect. In other words, verbal inhibition has only an actor effect. Second, when deman/withdraw communication patterns between married couple was employed as a mediators ospecially males demonstrated a progress of actor effect through the complete mediation. Thus, we can predict that verbally inhibited husbands show wife-demand/husband-withdraw communication patterns and such a communication patterns hurt his own marital satisfaction.
Abstract
This survey research investigated whether Koreans’ attitudes toward migrants were affected by group identity, acculturation-related ideologies, threat, and intergroup contact. More specifically, we compared Koreans’ attitudes toward five different migrant groups (i.e., migrant workers, marriage migrant women, children of multicultural family, North Korean defectors and ethnic Koreans in China) to those toward Koreans (i.e., ingroup). We also explored whether prejudice toward migrants was affected by the in-group identification as Koreans, multiculturalism or assimilation ideologies, and the degree of contact with the migrants. To explore these issues, we conducted a nation-wide survey using the stratified sampling method, in which 1,000 Korean adults and 800 adolescents participated and responded to the questionnaire items asking about their attitudes (i.e., feeling thermometer, social distance, ideology, identification) through individual interviews. As expected, the results demonstrated that Koreans exhibited strong in-group favoritism: they evaluated their in-group more favorably than the migrant groups on the feeling thermometer scale, and the in-group favoritism of adolescents was stronger than that of adults. The results also demonstrated that in line with the social identity theory, high in-group identifiers showed more negative attitudes toward migrant groups than low in-group identifiers, especially when the participants perceived high identity (i.e., symbolic) threat. The hierarchical regression analyses on the social distance measures (i.e., ingroup-outgroup) demonstrated that the more Koreans endorsed assimilation ideology, the more the number of out-group acquaintances and the more they perceived realistic threats, the more negative their attitudes toward migrants became. On the other hand, endorsing multiculturalism ideology and contacting the migrants more frequently was associated with more positive out-group attitudes. Finally, intergroup anxiety as well as identity threat or realistic threat, respectively partially mediated the effects of contact frequency(or the endorsement of assimilation ideology or value of authoritarianism) on attitudes toward migrants. We discussed the theoretical and practical implications of these results.
Abstract
This study was conducted to demonstrate linguistic and psychological characteristics in deceptive statements written in Korean by comparing true statement with deceptive one that was written to minimize one's own responsibility for assault experience. For this aim, 112 university students participated in the study. First, the students wrote down true statement about one's own assault experience, and a week later, they wrote down deceptive statement. When they wrote down deceptive statement, they imagined a situation where their assault experience was made public and they wanted to avoid liability or blame from their acquaintances. Sixty three paired statements were analyzed with K-LIWC program. Then, the results demonstrated linguistic and psychological characteristics when people lie to minimize responsibility for their own assault experience. In addition, summative content analysis was conducted in order to figure out linguistic and psychological characteristics in deceptive statements. The findings of this study suggest that most linguistic variables and psychological variables are increased in prologue and conclusion of the deceptive statements by adding sentences to avoid one's responsibilities. In conclusion, importance and limitations of the study and directions for future research were discussed.
Abstract
This study was conducted to demonstrate linguistic and psychological characteristics in deceptive statements written in Korean by comparing true statement with deceptive one that was written to minimize one's own responsibility for assault experience. For this aim, 112 university students participated in the study. First, the students wrote down true statement about one's own assault experience, and a week later, they wrote down deceptive statement. When they wrote down deceptive statement, they imagined a situation where their assault experience was made public and they wanted to avoid liability or blame from their acquaintances. Sixty three paired statements were analyzed with K-LIWC program. Then, the results demonstrated linguistic and psychological characteristics when people lie to minimize responsibility for their own assault experience. In addition, summative content analysis was conducted in order to figure out linguistic and psychological characteristics in deceptive statements. The findings of this study suggest that most linguistic variables and psychological variables are increased in prologue and conclusion of the deceptive statements by adding sentences to avoid one's responsibilities. In conclusion, importance and limitations of the study and directions for future research were discussed.
Abstract
The present study investigated how jurors' just world belief and just world hope, and defendant's socioeconomic status influence criminal punishment. 106 participants completed the just world belief(Rubin & Peplau, 1975) and the 'just world hope' scales and then made punishment decisions on a case scenario that described a bodily injury resulting in death. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis first revealed a significant main effect of just world hope. Specifically, people who were holding higher hope to achieve a just world in future were significantly more likely to assign harsher sentence to the defendant regardless of his/her socioeconomic status. However, there was no significant main effect of just world belief and defendant's socioeconomic status. More interestingly and of importance, a significant interaction between just world belief and just world hope was found. That is, even though participants with high just world belief did not differ on punishment regardless of just world hope, those who believe the current society unjust were more likely to sentence the defendant to harsher punishment when they were holding high(vs. low) just world hope. Psychological and legal implications of the findings were discussed and also the essentials of criminal punishment were suggested for the just world.
Abstract
Recent research in cultural psychology challenges the notion that East Asians lack a self-enhancement motive, and argues that they do self-enhance, at least, on traits they find personally relevant and important. The present study examined if self-enhancement of East Asians (or individuals with collectivistic orientation) as opposed to Westerners (or individuals with individualistic orientation) would differ by trait domain. In addition, this study explored effects of priming independent vs. interdependent self-construal on self-enhancement. The tendency toward self-enhancement was measured by a false-uniqueness bias (FUB). It was found that the FUB was substantially stronger for Americans than for Koreans and greater in interdependence than in independence domain. Moreover, in the interdependence domain individuals high on collectivism showed the FUB as much as individuals low on collectivism did. In addition, the perceived importance of interdependent traits mediated the FUB on these traits. Finally, the FUB was affected by self-construal priming such that the FUB became stronger when the momentary priming of self-construal was congruent with one's chronic orientation toward collectivism vs. individualism.
Abstract
A representative Korean adult sample (N=1,000) was examined to understand the relationship between subjective well-being and major demographic and personality variables (Study 1). An experience sampling study was conducted additionally (Study 2; N=160) to reduce global memory biases. Consistent with past findings (Diener et al., 1999), individual's characteristics played a far more significant role than objective resources in predicting Koreans' happiness. Personality traits and lay beliefs of happiness accounted for about 18% of the variance in the self-reports, and sense of meaning and internal motivation accounted for more than 40% of the variance in predicting when people are happy. In comparison, demographic factors (e.g., age, marital status, religion, education, income) accounted for only 3% of the happiness variance. In sum, even in Korea where objective conditions of happiness are highly sought after, who the person is (his/her psychological characteristics) seems to be more important than what the person has (objective resource) in predicting happiness.
Abstract
This study investigated the self-enhancement and spouse-enhancement of 257 married couples on the two dimensions of competence and warmth. The couples were asked to evaluate themselves, spouses, husbands in general, and wives in general. Based on their responses, the magnitude of self-enhancement and spouse-enhancement was computed in order to determine which of the two enhancement factors plays a more significant role in the subjective happiness and marital quality, and how the two enhancements are related to individuals' cultural disposition. The major findings of the study were as follows: First, the couples enhanced their spouse rather than themselves, in particular, on the measure of warmth. Specifically, the couples were shown to demonstrate more of self-enhancement and spouse-enhancement on warmth than on competence. Second, the happiness of the husband was affected by spouse-enhancement, not by self-enhancement, increasing the relational satisfaction as well. However, the happiness of the wives was influenced by self-enhancement and spouse-enhancement with the relational satisfaction being improved by spouse-enhancement. Third, the couple's individualistic propensity exerted an influence on their happiness mediated by self-enhancement and their collectivistic disposition impacted the marital quality mediated by spouse-enhancement.
Abstract
The present research attempts to describe Korean people's psychological mindsets concerning diverse political issues and explore the effect of these mindsets on people's political stances and behaviors. In study 1, 86 statements that reflected diverse political issues and stances were extracted and Q methodology was utilized for this exploratory study. The results indicated that there were three prevalent mindsets in Korea. These types of mindsets include: public society versus private society (Group 1), justice society versus opposition society (Group 2) and pledge society versus ideology society (Group 3). In Study 2, a survey was distributed to 500 participants to further explore this issue based on the results found in Study 1. The results indicated that 49.8% of the population was in Group 1, 34.4% in Group 2 and 15.8% in Group 3. In addition, these three groups differed significantly in their ideologies, political party that they associate with, voting tendencies, and evaluations of past and current presidents. The findings revealed how psychological mindsets of political awareness affect behaviors of the people in Korea and suggested a comprehensive map of people's stances on political issues in Korea. This research is meaningful in that it explores political viewpoints not in terms of a conservative-liberal dichotomy, but more as a psychological phenomenon.
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore individual differences in risk taking and provide empirical testing of the role of regulatory focus on risk taking. Everyday risk taking task included both (a) natural scenarios without explicit probabilities of risk and gains (Study 1) and (b) scenarios with them (Study 2). The findings of Studies 1 and 2 showed that chronic regulatory focus has influence on everyday risk taking. Specifically, risk taking occurred under promotion focus, whereas risk aversion occurred under prevention focus. In addition, the perceived gains were found to mediate the relationship between regulatory focus and risk taking related decision. However, the perceived risk was found to have no mediating effect on regulatory focus and risk taking related decision. Study 3 using policy scenarios supported the findings of Studies 1 and 2 except that the effect of regulatory focus occurred only in the negative frame. Our results indicate that individual differences in risk taking can be explained by the regulatory focus theory and risk taking can be influenced by different gain perception, but not risk perception. However, the effect of regulatory focus can be moderated by framing effect.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare three resilience scales and explore emotional characteristics influencing resilience. Study 1 compared with three resilience scales(e.g., Brief resilience scale, Block's ego-resiliency scale, and Klohnen's ego-resiliency scale) and investigated which concept of resilience was most significantly related to health-related variables. Findings revealed that Klohnen's ego-resiliency scale had significant effect on physical and psychological health in both zero-order correlation and partial correlation but other scales didn't. Study 2 investigated which emotional characteristics significantly predicted resilience. The hierarchical regression analyses showed that emotional clarity, emotional attention, emotional repair significantly predicted resilience as well as emotionality. Also, avoidance-distraction regulation strategy and intimacy expression strategy significantly predicted resilience. Limitations, implications and directions for future studies were discussed.
Abstract
Shapiro suggested new concept to measure the positive aspect of secondary control(positive yielding mode) as well as the negative aspect of primary control. The purpose of this study was to find out the optimum combination among control modes for the psychological adaptation. Subjects were grouped according to their control mode scores into high or low groups and then grouped again with assertive and yielding modes, resulting 8 groups. The ANOVA was used to test the significance of difference on psychological adaptation among each groups. Another purpose of this study was to investigate the way how the negative assertive mode and the positive yielding mode contribute to the psychological adaptation. To do this, hierarchical regression analysis was used among two control modes and the interaction between positive assertive and negative yielding modes. The result showed that those who were high on positive assertive mode and positive yielding mode had not only higher sense of positive control but lower sense of negative control than others. They also showed lower level of depression. Those who were negatively high on both, on the other hand, showed low sense of positive control and high sense ho negative control. They were more depressed and anxious than others. The negative assertive mode interacted with other control mode, deducing the psychological adaptation, but the positive yielding mode increased it or alleviated the deterioration of adaption at least.