Most clinicians and researchers agree that the experience of pain is influenced by a wide range of psychological factors, which are important variables in the assessment and treatment of tension-type headache patients. However, there is lack of the systematic examinations that explore the relationships among psychological variables in tension-type headache. In this article, description and history of tension-type headaches, behavioral checklist, data of self report, interview with significant others, records of self-monitoring, bio-psycho-socio-spritual model in the assessment of tension-type headache, quality of life, and problem of psychometric tests in the assessment of tension-type headache were reviewed. That is, a multimodal psychological assessment strategy is important and considerable model in tension-type headache evaluation, and futher direction were discussed.
Insomnia is a highly prevalent public health problem that carries an important psychosocial and economic burden for those affected, their families, and for society at large. Despite its negative impacts, the overwhelming majority of individuals with insomnia remain untreated and, when treatment is initiated, it is predominantly with medication. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy has achieved wide-spread scientific recognition as an effective treatment for a wide variety of insomnia and acceptance by insomniacs. This approach is composed of efficacious components, that are stimulus control, relaxation, sleep restriction, sleep hygiene instructions and cognitive therapy. The purpose of this article is to present rationales for using each component of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-Insomnia, review the outcome literature, and highlight specific practice recommendations regarding cognitive techniques. The treatment comparison studies and treatment outcome studies implementing cognitive behavioral therapy for comorbid insomnia were also reviewed and discussed.
This study is about the moderate effects of metacognition and mindfulness on the relation between perceived stress and depression. Study group was 290 university students. The instruments of the study were scale of Perceived stress scale, Metacognitions Questionnaire,Korean Version of Five-factor of Mindfulness Questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory. The result of correlation analysis between the variables advocated that recognized stress has significant positive correlations with depression. metacognition and stress also showed significant relations with cognitive confidence, cognitive self-consciousness, out of control of anxiety and negative belief for crisis, belief about the need to control thoughts, except positive beliefs. The results of investigating the effects of perceived stress and metacognition on depression indicated that negative beliefs about thoughts concerning uncontrollability among metacognition acted as moderate variables between recognized stress and depression. It was identified that self-cognition among five mindfulness factors buffered the effect of recognized stress on depression. By the results of experimenting for the role of metacognition and mindfulness in the effect of recognized stress on depression, even though the strength level of recognized stress and metacognition were the same, strong mindfulness persons were less depressed than others. Based on the results, psychotherapeutic implications were discussed.
This study aims to examine the effectiveness of emotion-mindfulness on emotional clarity and regulation, and stress and well-being. The participants of the study were 64 female college students in Seoul, Korea whose average age was 21.14 years. They were randomly divided into 2 groups, namely the emotional mindfulness group and the wait-list group. Fifteen participants dropped out of the program due to personal matters, etc, which left 24 in the emotion-mindfulness group and 25 in the wait-list group. The participants in emotion-mindfulness group completed 6 weeks of emotional mindfulness program in addition to education sessions and kept diaries at least three times a day. The results revealed significantly more improvements on emotional clarity (p=.01), selection of adaptive cognitive regulation strategies (p=.00), putting into perspective (p=.01), refocusing on planning (p=.00),and positive reappraisal (p=.00) in emotion mindfulness group than in the wait-list group. Besides, increments in expecting life satisfaction expectancy (p=.02) and self-esteem (p=.00)were statistically significant in the emotional mindfulness group but not in the wait-list group. Furthermore, there was significant relief on negative affects (p=.04), stress response (p=.04)and sleeplessness (p=.04) among physical symptoms. However, the effect on life motivation,life satisfaction, positive affects and physical symptoms other than sleeplessness was not significant. These results indicate that emotional mindfulness may be effective to enhance self-esteem, life expectancy and well-being, and reduce sleeplessness and stress. It was also found that emotional mindfulness can effectively enhances emotional clarity and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation. As a final note, it should be worth mentioning that this was the first study in Korea to make an attempt to prove the effects of emotional mindfulness.
This study examined how narcissism are related to psychological stresses and subjective well-being with self-esteem, and illustrated psychological characteristics of people with high degree of narcissism and low self-esteem. The participants were 735 male and female college students, whose ages ranged from 18 to 31. The psychological tests used in this research included the following: Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, Stress Response Inventory, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Emotion Frequency Test, and Subjective Happiness Scale. Results indicated that narcissistic trait was positively correlated with self-esteem, and narcissism and self-esteem shared over than 25% variance. If they were adjusted by self-esteem in regression analyses, feeling of authority and superiority among factors of narcissism had no buffering effects for psychological stresses, and need for entitlement showed possible negative influences for psychological responses toward stresses such as aggression, anger, and depression. And need for entitlement and self-admiration negatively were correlated to subjective well-being, and feeling of authority and superiority positively were correlated to subjective well-being, as they were adjusted by self-esteem. This study revealed that especially people with high degree of narcissism and low self-esteem showed high degree of psychological responses toward stresses such as aggressiveness and anger. It was discussed roles of narcissism and self-esteem with previous studies.
The present study examined the relations between well-being cognitions from the Bible and well-being/stress. The data were collected from 181 men and women who belong to the young people divisions of 10 churches in Seoul. The present study explored the correlations among the frequency of recollecting the well-being cognitions from the Bible in a day and well-being/stress. The result showed that the frequency of recollecting the well-being cognitions from the Bible was positively correlated with life satisfaction, life satisfaction expectancy and positive affect, and negatively correlated with depression and anxiety. When we reanalyzed the data according to the level of subjective well-being, we found that the effects of the frequency of recollecting the well-being cognitions from the Bible were bigger in the case of the people who think their life is less satisfied or will be less satisfied than whose who think their life is satisfied or will be satisfied.
The purpose of this study was to examine how mental health of unemployed people changes based on various types of subgroups upon unemployment and reemployment status. Data were collected from unemployed people above 30 years old three times with six months intervals on each survey. 1,530 people responded to the first survey. Finally 483 people responded to the 3rd survey. These people were categorized into 4 different groups based on unemployment and reemployment status for each time: Group 1 consists of unemployment - reemployment -reemployment; Group 2 consists of unemployment - reemployment - unemployment. Group 3consists of unemployment - unemployment - reemployment; finally Group 4 consists of unemployment - unemployment - unemployment. Scales of GHQ, anxiety, depression, and psychosomatic were used to measure mental health. Results showed that generally mental health tends to become worse after unemployment whereas mental health tends to improve after reemployment success. Also, mental health for the continuous unemployed people tends to become stable across three different survey. Finally, limitations and implications of the study were discussed.
The present study explored whether religious variables have effects on situational forgiveness. Using a sample of 154 Christians, this study examined the relationship between religiousness,religious coping and situational forgiveness. All religious measures were correlated with situational forgiveness, but positive religious coping was not correlated with forgiveness variable. According to the result of the correlations, we tested the mediation. Since there was no correlation between intrinsic religiousness and negative religious coping, these two variable were excluded from mediation test. Result of testing mediation indicated that negative religious coping play the role of a mediator between extrinsic religiousness and situational forgiveness. These findings have important practical implications regarding the forgiveness-religion link for Christians, suggesting that the forgiveness intervention is needed to promote to forgive effectively. Also decreasing negative religious coping might be important in forgiveness in specific transgressions.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of anxiety sensitivity(AS) on affect appraisals and noxious stimulus threshold in healthy adolescents. Anxiety Sensitivity Index,Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale, and Coping Strategies Questionnaire were administered to 188middle school students(male 97; female 91). They were classified two groups on the basis on high AS(79 students) and low AS(101 students) scores of AS scale. And 134 students(high AS 71; low AS 63) measured by noxious pressure thresholds. The results of this study showed there were negative relations between cognitive anxiety symptoms, fear,catastrophizing and noxious pressure thresholds. And students with high AS experienced greater negative affect appraisals and low noxious stimulus threshold than low AS students. Based on these results, the last section of thesis discussed the limits of the research and suggestion for future study.
The purpose of present study is to examine the moderating effect of perceived emotional competence and anger control on the relation between inferiority feelings and aggression in adolescents. The participants were 309 high school students (136 males, 173 females). They were administered the Inferiority Scale (Kim, 1996), the Korean Version of Aggression Questionnaire (AQ-K; Seo & Kwon, 2002), the Korean Version of Trait Meta-Mood Scale (K-TMMS; Lee & Lee, 1997), and the Korean Version of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory(STAXI-K; Chon, Hahn, Lee, & Spielberger, 1997). Hierarchial regression analysis was used to analyze the three-way interaction effect of inferiority feelings, anger control, and perceived emotional competence on aggression. The results showed significant three-way interaction effects of inferiority feelings, anger control, and perceived emotional competence on aggression. In the group with high inferiority feelings, anger control lowered aggression regardless of perceived emotional competence. On the contrary, in the group with low inferiority feelings, the attempts to control anger without perceived emotional competence increased aggression. Based on these results, it was suggested that psychological programs dealing with inferiority feelings and aggression in adolescents should include methods to enhance perceived emotional competence along with effective anger management skills.
The purpose of this study is to verify the problems on personal relations that adolescent with overt narcissistic personality and covert narcissistic personality experience and examine the moderating effects of the personal traits of resilience that reduce the difficulties on the personal relations and outer protective factors. First, as a result of analyzing the difficulties on personal relations according to the subordinate type of adolescent narcissistic personality,as the overt narcissistic personality was higher, less difficulties on the personal relations were observed. On the other hand, as the covert narcissistic personality was higher, more problems on the personal relations were observed. Second, based on the results of examining the moderating effects of the resilience between the covert narcissistic personality that effects on the problems on the personal relations, to verify more aspects of the resilience by dividing into a subordinate factor of the resilience, personal traits, and outer protective factors. The significant interaction effects in covert narcissistic personality, personal traits, and outer protective factors were observed. In addition, since outer protective factors were verified to have more influences than personal traits of the resilience in covert narcissistic personality. Therefore, the purpose of this study that attempted to examine adaptive factors of the resilience for adolescent was achieved. It is meaningful that this study provided practical suggesting points rather than solving the problems on the personal relations that adolescent experienced in educational situations or counseling situations.
This study examined the function of perfectionism by knowing relationship of Perfectionism and adaptation-indices. The questionnaire including Perfectionism Questionnaire(PQ),Psychological Well-Being Scale(PWBS), The Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist(MAACL) and Daily Hassles Scale(DHS) were completed by 695 graduate and under-graduate students in Seoul and the metropolitan area. The results indicated that 'Perfectionism Tendency(trait to achieve one's goal to be perfect)' was positively related to psychological well-being and positive affect, and was not significantly related to daily hassles and negative affect. On the other hand,'Negative Consequence(state of being in discomfort and maladaptation due to perfectionism)' was negatively related to psychological well-being and positive affect and was positively related to daily hassles and negative affect. Participants were divided into three groups(functional perfectionism group, dysfunctional perfectionism group, and nonperfectionism comparison group) and these three groups were compared in some adaptation-indices. The results indicated that functional perfectionism group had the significantly highest psychological well-being and positive affect levels. On the other hand,dysfunctional perfectionism group had the significantly highest negative affect and daily hassles levels. Finally, the implications and the limitations of this study were discussed.
This study examined the appropriateness of patriarchal/asymmetry paradigm and gender-inclusive model (post patriarchal/asymmetry paradigm) in dating violence. The participants were 341 college students (156 males and 185 females) who had the experience of heterosexual dating relationship, whose ages ranged from 18 to 47. The psychological tests used in this research included the following: Straus' Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS-2), Korean Gender Egalitarianism Scale, Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), and Manifest Needs Questionnaire (MNQ). Results revealed that approximately 97% of students reported the experience of inflicting psychological violence toward their dating partners, and almost half of them had the experience of inflicting physical dating violence. Females reported more frequently experience of inflicting physical dating violence than males, whereas they were more frequently received sexual dating violence than males did. People with experience of both inflicting and receiving of dating violence showed higher patriarchal sex role stereotypes than those who never experienced it and the only inflictors. Patriarchal sex role stereotypes were especially closely related to males' inflicting and receiving of dating violence. Although need for dominance was also predictor of dating violence, patriarchal sex role stereotypes was more determinant for dating violence. Sex role stereotypes in family life, for instance, accounted for the almost 16% of the variance of males' inflicting physical dating violence. This study revealed the appropriateness of patriarchal/asymmetry paradigm for dating violence of Korean college students.
Recovery means going on to a happy life. The purpose of this study was to test the development and effectiveness of a happiness program for the alcohol dependent patients. Two groups participated in this study, consisting of a total of fifteen people with the treatment group of eight, and a alcohol dependent patient control group of seven. The treatment group participated a total of ten sessions. The main topics of the happiness program include the following: orientation; care of one's body; management of stress; finding self merit; growth of self; meaning of life and purpose of life; gratitude; effective conversation; expression of anger and finding a person who supported self; new preparedness and ending. The procedures for this happiness program were mindful meditation, a lecture, individual group discussions related to the above topics, and feedback about the program by group members. The scores of the two groups at the point of pre-test, post-test, after one month follow-up were analysed and compared through the Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test and Mann-Whitney U test. The results showed that the treatment group who took the happiness program didn't significantly increase satisfaction with life nor self-esteem. But significantly increased in abstinence self-efficacy post test and after one month follow-up than the pre test in treatment group. Results of the study were discussed in relation with previous and future studies.
Researches prospecting gambling issues from neurocognitive perspective are keep increasing and developing as years pass by. This study tried to investigate the relationship between gambling addiction vulnerability and deficiency on executive functions. The study focused on inhibition function among executive functions, I tried to look at it by dividing them by behavioral,cognitive, and emotional by regarding inhibition as a multi-dimensional mechanism. For this purpose, I conducted the Korean-version Gambling Attitude and Beliefs Scale(K-GABS, Breen & Zuckerman, 1999, 2005) by selecting 762 undergraduates as objective, and classified the top 7% as gambling-vulnerable group(N=31) and the bottom 7% as control group(N=28). The participants completed K-NODS(the Korean-version NORC DSM-IV Screen for Gambling Problems) and gambling experience questionnaire, and then participated experiment after taking working memory test. All of them did assignments for evaluating inhibition function of inhibition of motor responses, cognitive inhibition, and emotional inhibition in experimental study. Difference of group were found among inhibition function tasks as result of experimental study. First, among Stop-Signal Task for evaluating behavioral inhibition(inhibition of motor responses) the group that was vulnerable to gambling had faster reaction time for stimulation by poor inhibition compare to control group, and stop-signal delay time was shorter as well. And among Stroop Negative Priming Task for evaluating cognitive inhibition, gamblingvulnerable group slowed their reaction time by failing inhibiting of distractor stimulation. Also among Emotional Go/No-Go Task for evaluating inhibition of emotional responses, gamblingvulnerable group reacted more precisely for happy facial stimulation compare to control group,and they made more error on false alarm by failing for inhibiting on happy facial stimulation. In synthesis, gambling-vulnerable group showed defection for inhibiting prepotent motor responses and had difficulty for inhibiting distractor stimulation by poor inhibition in terms of cognitive process. They also showed tendency of failing inhibiting their reaction for positive emotional stimulation and try to act urgent. These results suggest that gambling-vulnerable group has comprehensive defection in terms of inhibition function.
The present study proposed a mediation model in which insecure attachment and early maladaptive schemas would play a mediating role in the relationship between childhood trauma and dysfunctional anger. A total of 319 undergraduate students completed questionnaires on: childhood trauma questionnaire, adult attachment questionnaire, early maladaptive schema and state-trait anger expression inventory-Korean version: STAXI-K). The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. As a result, which means the effect of childhood emotional trauma on early maladaptive schemas is mediated by insecure attachment and the effect of insecure attachment on dysfunctional anger is mediated by early maladaptive schemas. Therefore, it would seem that the model that deals with elements of secure attachment, schema and childhood emotional trauma all together is useful for dysfunctional anger approach, The significance of this study can be: the true source of dysfunctional anger would be not a current stimulus, but the effect of interaction that current stimulus and traumatic event in store to various memory representations of the past.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a combined art therapy and parent education program on the self-esteem and social skills of multi-cultural children, as well as on the parenting efficacy. A ten-session group art therapy program (two 1.5-hour sessions per week) was conducted for six elementary school children ranging in age from 8 to 11. For the parents of those children, a four-session parent education program (one 2-hour session per week) was held. Prior and subsequent to interventions, assessments for the three dependent variables were conducted using standardized test measures. It was found that the children showed statistically significant improvements in all the subcategories of self-esteem,such as general self-esteem, social self-esteem, family self-esteem, and school self-esteem. Moreover, they also showed statistically significant improvements in all the subcategories of social skills, such as assertiveness, empathy, cooperation, and self-control. As for the parents'parenting efficacy, cognitive efficacy showed statistically significant improvements, but their frustration/anxiety level and interests in parental role did not show any statistically significant change. By conducting children's art therapy program and parent education program simultaneously in a parallel process, this research was the first to develop a combined treatment for newly emerging multi-cultural families in Korea.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a combined art therapy and parent education program on the self-esteem and social skills of multi-cultural children, as well as on the parenting efficacy. A ten-session group art therapy program (two 1.5-hour sessions per week) was conducted for six elementary school children ranging in age from 8 to 11. For the parents of those children, a four-session parent education program (one 2-hour session per week) was held. Prior and subsequent to interventions, assessments for the three dependent variables were conducted using standardized test measures. It was found that the children showed statistically significant improvements in all the subcategories of self-esteem,such as general self-esteem, social self-esteem, family self-esteem, and school self-esteem. Moreover, they also showed statistically significant improvements in all the subcategories of social skills, such as assertiveness, empathy, cooperation, and self-control. As for the parents’parenting efficacy, cognitive efficacy showed statistically significant improvements, but their frustration/anxiety level and interests in parental role did not show any statistically significant change. By conducting children’s art therapy program and parent education program simultaneously in a parallel process, this research was the first to develop a combined treatment for newly emerging multi-cultural families in Korea.