Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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- P-ISSN1229-0653
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-0653
Vol.31 No.4
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to validate Working as Meaning Inventory(WAMI), originally developed by Steger, Dik, and Duffy(2012). To validate WAMI in Korean, a total of 618 Korean employees (386 males, 232 females) were investigated for this study. All participants completed K-WAMI questionnaire. Reliability and validity was verified. Exploratory factor analysis was performed with 208 participants. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted with 207 participants and it supported the three factors structure of K-WAMI, which was the same finding from the original scale. Also, the results from cross validation performed with 203 supported stable three-component structure. Configural invariance and measurement invariance were achieved with the new sample. Additionally, measurement invariance and latent mean difference between males and females were studied. Measurement invariance between males and females were supported and females showed the lower 'meaning in work' level than males. In conclusion, K-WAMI has been validated and is expected to be used as a psychometrically robust instrument in the future studies. Finally, implications and limitations of the present study and the suggestion for the future research were discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to verify whether social sharing is an important mediating factor in the process of integrating the intrusive memory of Sewol ferry disaster into the life and identity of general citizens who have indirect experience of that event. Particularly, in the long term, we tried to confirm that the activities that are shared continuously are important activities in this process. To do this, we carried out two online surveys at 21month intervals for adults in 20s to 60s. A total of 1156 data were collected at the first time point, and a total of 485 data were collected at the second time point. In this study, data for 443 respondents to both primary and secondary surveys were used for the final analysis, except for those directly related to the Sewol ferry disaster. As a result, the relationship between the primary intrusive memory and the secondary event centrality was significantly mediated by the social sharing of primary and secondary. In addition, a multiple group analysis was performed to confirm the difference according to sex and age. As a result, the longitudinal mediating effects of social sharing was significant in both gender group and aged groups, and there was difference in mediation effect size between male and female group and young and middle age groups. The purpose of this study is to investigate how social sharing plays a significant role in the process of collective memory of personal memory of Sewol ferry disaster and this study contributed to establishing the grounds for why ordinary citizens should remember and share the memory of a disaster such as Sewol ferry disaster.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to translate and validate the Korean version of Chernyshenko Conscientiousness Scale(K-CCS), a measure developed to assess six facets of conscientiousness. The survey was conducted on 283 undergraduate students and 259 employees in Korea. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were evaluated to assess and validate the factorial structure of the scale, suggesting the five-factor structure(achievement striving, cautiousness, order, virtue and responsibility) with 30 items in result. Further analyses of convengent and discriminant validity show that all five factors show significant relationships with the IPIP Conscientiousness. Variation was also found between the facet scales with regard to criterion-related validity, which analyzed correlations between each of the facet scales and performance-related outcome variables such as GPA, career decisiveness, career adaptability, organizational citizenship behavior and subjective career success. Finally, incremental validity suggests that the total score of K-CCS explains career decisiveness, career adaptability and subjective career success above and beyond the effect of the IPIP conscientiousness. Based on the results, the implications and limitations of the study and suggestions for follow-up studies were discussed.
Abstract
Gritty people persist in spite of obstacles and do not easily give up. Optimistic people are also known to cope well when encountered with difficult or stressful situations. This study investigated how those people can persist despite setbacks by examining their responses to failure. Korean undergraduate students (N = 110) participated in this study. After making participants experience repeated failures, we examined the relationship among grit, optimism and their responses after failure including affective state and future performance expectation. Multiple regression analyses revealed that grit predicted anxiety negatively, and optimism significantly predicted overall affective states. In contrast, future performance expectation was significantly predicted only by grit, but not by optimism. Specifically, those with high perseverance of effort showed high future performance expectation despite of failures. The other sub-factor of grit, consistency of interest did not predict future performance expectation. It seems that even though people with high perseverance experience some negative emotion in the face of failure, they hold more positive expectation for their future performance and are less afraid of failure. Optimistic people did not hold positive beliefs for their future performance after failures, but they appeared to experience relatively higher positive affect and lower negative affect after failure. The results suggest that grit and optimism predict the responses to failure in different ways.
Abstract
Is there any relationship between psychological distance and susceptibility to social influence in decision making? The present research investigated whether psychological distance could have an impact on conformity to group opinion during decision making. Study 1 (N=101) examined whether increasing temporal psychological distance could be related to changes in a participant’s response, when information about majority opinion was provided. According to our results, the conformity effect in the distant future condition was stronger than in the near future condition. Study 2 (N=33) utilized the implicit association test to demonstrate implicit individual differences in psychological distance. The experiment tested whether implicit individual differences in social distance might be related to moral decisions when group majority opinions were given. The findings implicated that participants who perceived dissimilar others more psychologically distant than similar others, might show more change in their responses to moral dilemmas by majority opinions than other participants, who perceived dissimilar others less distant. Theoretical and practical Implications about psychological distance and group confirmity were discussed.
Abstract
The main purpose of the present research was to examine the possibility that individual differences in conflict mindset can influence voting participation in 2016 National election. The present research proposed the moderated mediation model in which learning conflict mindset has an effect on the voting participation by affecting positive perspective on political conflict and the strength of the mediation effect is weakened by the value of liberty and equality. A two-wave survey was conducted among 305 college students before and after election day. Results showed that individual differences in learning conflict mindset have a significant relationship with voting participation via positive perspective on political conflict. Furthermore, the strength of the indirect effects of learning conflict mindset on voting participation through positive perspective on political conflict was weaker at higher levels of liberty and equality value than at lower levels of the value. These findings indicate that conflict mindset is important cognitive characteristics of individuals in explaining psychological mechanism underlying political participation such as voting participation in national election. Finally, theoretical and practical implications, limitation and suggestion for future research are discussed.
Abstract
Power motive influences a number of important social behaviors, but an appropriate scale measuring power motive has not been developed in Korea. The purpose of the present study is to develop and validate a self-report scale that can reliably measure power motive in Korean. Based on the literature, ‘status pursuit’ and ‘influence preference’ were hypothesized as two underlying structures of power motive. Six hundred and four undergraduate participants completed a survey which included corresponding items from Index of Person Reaction (IPR; Bennett, 1988), then reliability, factor structure, and construct validity were examined. The findings showed high internal consistency, and both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed two-factor structures of ‘status pursuit’ and ‘influence preference’. Power motive was also significantly correlated with a variety of criterion variables in the expected directions, which confirmed convergent, discriminant, nomological, and predictive validity. Furthermore, power motive predicted status pursuit by showing significant incremental variance after extraversion was controlled for. The overall findings indicate that the currently-developed power motive scale is a reliable and valid measure for individuals’ differences in power motive. The implications and the limitations of the study were discussed at the end.
Abstract
This study aimed to examine how defensive pessimists and strategic optimists predict future performance and identify the effects of induced mood on their performance. A total of 459 university students in Seoul completed the Revised Defensive Pessimism Questionnaire(R-DPQ) and the Defensive Pessimism Questionnaire (DPQ). As a result, 47 strategic optimists and 51 defensive pessimists participated in this research and randomly assigned them to each group (positive, negative and control group). Positive and negative moods were induced by the ‘mixed mood induction method’ that presented sentences and music together, and performance of the participants was measured by the mental arithmetic task. The main findings were as follows: First, the results of expectation ratings indicated that the defensive pessimists had significantly lower expectations for performance than the strategic optimists. Second, an examination of the effects of mood on the performance of defensive pessimists and strategic optimists showed that the main effects of mood and cognitive strategies were not significant, but the interaction effect between the two variables was significant. Defensive pessimists performed better in the control condition than in the positive and negative mood condition, whereas strategic optimists had the lowest performance in the control condition. These results demonstrate that the effects of mood on performance varied, depending on an individual’s strategy. This study explains the results based on the cognitive strategy and the MAI(Mood As Input) model.
Abstract
The fact that the level and instability of emotions and self-esteem are related to depression and neuroticism has long been supported by many studies. However, most studies exploring the relationship between individual differences in emotion and self-esteem and depression or neuroticism have focused on either levels or instability of emotions and self-esteem. The purpose of this study was to distinguish individual differences in instability from those in levels of emotions and self-esteem, and to understand how these individual differences are related to individual differences in psychological adjustment. For this purpose, we used experience sampling method to collect the state emotions and state self-esteem experienced in daily life. Multilevel modeling was then applied to determine how the overall level and instability of the state measures relate to depressive symptoms and neuroticism. The results showed that the depressive symptoms were more related to instability than to levels of emotional experience in daily life. Low and more variable self-esteem was also related to the depressive symptoms. The results also suggested that the key factor that characterizes the neuroticism is the instability of negative emotion and self-esteem. These results are informative in that various aspects of the dynamic process over time were considered and appropriate analytic procedures were applied.
Abstract
The present study examined how to persuade college students to support for the affirmative action policy for women. We hypothesized that since the persuasion attempts directly arguing against the recipients’ existing attitudes often had been confronted with resistance, indirect methods to attack the values or principles on which attitudes were based might be more effective. In Study 1, we presented the participants with either a message criticizing the meritocracy value(or principle) or insisting directly for the affirmative action policy. The participants indicated their attitudes towards AA both before and after reading the message. The results showed that the participants’ attitudes toward the AA policy tended to change more positively after reading the message criticizing the meritocracy value, in comparison with the participants who read the message arguing for the AA policy directly. The results also demonstrated that the positive effect of the attack on the value of meritocracy on attitude change was mediated by the increased favorability of the meritocracy value. In Study 2, we directly manipulated the favorability of the meritocracy value by providing positive or neutral evaluative information of the ingroup (i.e., the opinion of the same University students’ as the participant’s) regarding the meritocracy value or principle. The results demonstrated that as expected, positive ingroup norm compared to the neutral one changed the participant’s attitudes towards the AA policy more positively. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings were discussed.
Abstract
Healthy communities is likely to begin with accepting the coexistence of diverse groups in our society and acknowledging different ideas with us. Prejudice against minority groups interfere with building such a society. Current study examined the prejudice of North Korean refugees, multicultural families, LGBT, people with physical illness, and people with mental illness, which are defined as minority groups in our society, and demonstrated the impact of contact experience and threat on prejudice. The contact experience was classified as direct contact and indirect contact (informational contact through media), and the threat was divided into realistic threat and symbolic threat. The measures of prejudice were examined through social distance for each group. The total of 376 students were responded in this survey. The result showed that social distance was the highest among people with mental illness, and the groups that felt the threat were the refugees and multicultural families. Threatens showed significant explanatory power in all group prejudices, but contact experiences represented different results depending on the group, suggesting that the use of contact for bias reduction requires different interventions depending on the group. Based on these results, we discussed the prejudice reduction method for minority groups and implications of this study.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine system-justification phenomena for the Korean young generation. To this end, we conducted face to face depth-interview with 20 adults (Mage= 28.1, 13 Males, 7 Females). Drawing on semi-structured questionnaire, we explored interviewees's psychological discrepant experiences between ideal and real daily life, figured out their representation of social system shaped by their daily experiences, and the psychological process to resolve these psychological discrepancies. The concepts derived from coding process of grounded theory were categorized into four domains: experience of discrepancy, representation of society, emotional and behavioral results. Personal experiences causing meaning discrepancy are categorized by three perspectives: loss of self-worth, frustration to life goal and disappointment by real life. The three categories, which have affected these experiences of discrepancy, were extracted from the representations of Korean society such as right answer society, distrust society, and stress society. Suppressing emotional response to experience of discrepancy and negative expecting emotion such as anxiety, helplessness of change appeared as results of the dynamic interaction between of personal experiences and social representations. These emotional reactions leaded the interviewees to seek personal control within existing system or to justify system avoiding actions for social change, even though they are critical against current social system. These reactions correspond with system justification theory and yet concrete contents of the system and operation causing such reactions represent specific context effects of Korean society. Given these findings, we argued the necessity of social-cultural and context-centered approaches to enrich the research of system-justification proposing emotion-control model as a system-justification mechanism and furthermore, discussed usefulness and necessity of qualitative study to expand research of system-justification in context of Korean society.