Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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- P-ISSN1229-0653
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-0653
Vol.7 No.1
Abstract
This study was to assess the perceived loneliness for the aging Korean in terms of their demographic characteristics. The Youn Loneliness Scale, which was developed for measuring the loneliness specifically resulting from discordant relationship between aging Koreans and their offspings, was administered to 422 male and 279 female adults who aged over 60 years old. Results showed that those variables as social support, subjective health rating, age, cohabitation with offsping, life satisfaction, and economic state were influential variables to the perceived loneliness, and social support was found to be the most influential among them. It was suggested that there were considerable high correlation between the loneliness scores obtained from the scale and psychological and somatic strain.
Abstract
This review article covers the 176 studies on juvenile delinquency published between 1970 and 1992 in Korea. The major research trend in 1970s was the general description of delinquent behavior patterns and statistics. However, the causes, measurement and research methodology, and the related variables - both individual and environmental ones - of juvenile delinquency were studied since 1980. Especially in the developmental psychological studies, child-rearing practice, self-concept, adolescent egocentrism, social information processing, moral development were studied throughly. But also, in clinical and counseling psychological areas, the prediction and screening tools for the delinquency, treatment, and rehabituation techniques were consistently studied. However, this review has found that there still are limitation and shortcomings of the research works. Therefore, not only the basic psychological researches on the juvenile delinquency and crimes, but the development of measurement scales, programs for prevention, behavior modification, treatment and rehabilitation are the major tasks for the future studies in Korea.
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationship between narcissistic personality and self complexity. Specifically, I was interested in how narcissistic person represents one's own numerous self aspects and discriminate them. The basic hypothesis of this research is that the more narcissistic the man is, the more self complexity he has. For this research, 228 students were participated and, I used two survey methods to validify the hypotheses : one was Narcissistic Personality Inventory(NPI) for narcissism, the other Trait Sort Technique for self complexity. The result showed that the correlation between narcissism and self complexity was meaningful and positive (r=.34, p<.001), and the hypothesis was validified. That is to say, the man who is more narcissistic would have more self aspects in roles, traits, physical features, behaviors, relationships, and each aspect is more discriminated. On the basis of this result, I think the researches on validity of the two survey methods are not only needed, but, in relation to narcissism and self complexity, the consideration to the affect-extemity, self concepts, and artist's personality should be given.
Abstract
Bernstein(1972) distinguished between person-oriented relations based on individuating psychological properties and position-oriented relations based on the socially ascribed position. This study analysed the effects of these two relation types on the conflict perception and conflict handling styles. Hypotheses are those who prefer person-oriented relations perceive conflict as relational problems, intellectual problems, and problems to be compromised, while those who prefer position-oriented relations perceive conflict as problems of task, emotional problems, and problems to be won or lost. As a result of analysis from company managers these hypotheses were supported. Person-oriented managers perceived conflict as intellectual problems and problems to be collaborated or compromised, but position-oriented managers perceived conflict as emotional problems and problems to be won or lost. Considering the results of this study, person orientation causes person perception to distinguish between individuality and position, while position orientation causes person perception to identify individuality with position.
Abstract
The present experiment examined the hypothesis that people attributed the behavior that was consistent with regional stereotypes to internal stable factors and as a consequence, they would form more extreme impression about the target person. Experiment 1 examined whether the regional stereotypes indeed affcted attribution and impression judgment. Subjects read Honam or Youngnam-stereotypic behavior episodes after they had been informed of the hometown (Honam, Youngnam or no information) of the target person. Subjects were then asked to make attribution judgment and impression judgment(general impression, liking, evaluation of the desirability of the target bahavior), and they were also asked to recall the episodes that they had read about the target person. The results showed that as expected, subjects attributed the Youngnam-stereotypic behavior of the target person less to external factors and tended to evaluate the target person as being more impatient and unwise when they thought he was from Youngnam than when he was from Honam or when no information was provided. In the case of the Honam-stereotypic behavior, subjects attributed the target behavior more to stable factors and evaluated it as being less desirable when the target person was from Honam than in other conditions, althoush these results were limited to certain situations. The results of Experiment 2 demonstrated that as expected, subjects perceived the target. person as being more impatient and unwise when the internal attribution regarding Youngnam-stereotypic behavior was provided than when external attribution was provided. They also evaluated the target behavior less desirable in the former case than in the latter case. The theoretical and practical implications of these results as well as the limitation of the present study were discussed.
Abstract
The concept of alienation has undergone changes in its meaning through the history of philosophy. Since Marx it has been used as a civilization-criticizing concept which indicates humanbeing's existential modes in modem industrial society. Therefore alienation has been neglected in psychology, an empirical science focusing on an individual's behavior. However, alienation is an important psychological phenomenon, and also an ontological concept which needs to be introduced into and illuminated in epistemologically-biased psychology. The present author proposed a psychological conceptualization of alienation by defining alienation as the loss or absence of integration between one's self and his behavior. Based upon such psychological definition several related topics were discussed. They were alienation-provoking conditions, dealienation strategies, alienation-related psychological phenomena, and future research subjects in the area of psychology of alienation.
Abstract
Data on misunderstandings occurring in intimate relations were obtained through interviews of 34 persons(24 college students and 10 office workers). The most frequently, misunderstanding due to a different assignment of the partner's behavior among internal causes between the misunderstander and the partner(as seen by the misunderstander) were much more frequent than the misunderstanding due to a difference in the locus of attribution(internal/external). The partner's behavior with positive or neutral intentions was misperceived as showing negative affects or evaluations toward self and less frequently as showing positive affects to a third person or negative intention directed to self, On rare instances, the misunderstanding involved a perception of romantic attraction on the part of the partner to self. Behaviors which instigate misunderstandings were generally negative behaviors directed to self and positive behaviors to a third person. Displeasure, anger, injured self-esteem, and sense of being betrayed were commonly reported affective responses accompanying misunderstanding. The misunderstandings involving a perception of negative intentions were most quick to be recognized by the person, whereas the misunderstandings involving positive affections were recognized by the person more slowly. Implications and suggestions for subsequent research were discussed.
Abstract
From the cross-cultural researches on individualism-collectivism, it has been founded that various social behaviors, especially evaluation of other persons, of people who live in individualistic culture are enormously different from those of collectivist culture. The author construed these differences as results of the different perspectives on the human being and their relationships. In individualistic culture, they consider the independent and autonomous individual person as the ontological ultimatum of a society. Therefore they stress the uniqueness of an individual and differences among persons, self-assertion and competition, and personal ability and the end results of one's work. In sharp contrast with this, people of collectivist culture regard the relationships among them as the primary unit of a society and thus do not stress the autonomy and independence of an individual person. Therefore they seek harmony in group and similarity among persons, self-control and cooperation, and effort and the process of work in achieving situations. The author suggested that these differences between two cultures can be accounted according to the two working hypotheses of the Dual-Aspect Model of Person Evaluation, saliency hypothesis and elaboration hypothesis, which was proposed by him (Cho, 1982, 1990a). On the basis of this conjecture, the possibility of extension of the Dual-Aspect Model was groped after cautiously to incorporate the interpretation of the phenomena of cultural differences in person evaluation into its scope.
Abstract
Responses of an incidental sample of Korean married adults(n=600) on the 32 items related to the collectivism-individualism continuum, which were formed part of a questionnaire originally administered in 1979 for a study on "the personality and consciousness of the Korean people" (Cha, 1980), were analyzed. Factor analysis of the 32 items in each age group (20's, 50's or older) separately produced 3 orthogonal factors (acceptance of collective obligation, in-group favoritism, and family-centeredness). For the older group, 2 factors (in-group favoritism, family-centeredness) emerged. The results showed that Koreans in 1979 were individualistic in terms of rejecting in-group favoritism and dependence between parents and children while they were collectivistic in terms of accepting collective obligations. The subgroups exposed to the greatest modernization pressure(living in Seoul and/or college educated) turned out to be least collectivistic, especially in acceptance of collective obligations.
Abstract
The purpose of this research was (1) to study effects of a conductor's controlling behavior upon the formation processes of group behavior under the circumstances that judgmental thinking of an individual in a group was not allowed, and (2) to find out the conductor's personality dimension perceived by followers after the conductor's controlling behavior. 372 high school students consisting of 6-student subgroups were assigned to one of the four conditions of conductorship style. After performing the task according to the conductor's instruction, the followers rated the conductor's personality structure. As a result, it was found that, when the conductor's controlling behavior was aimed to regulate the behavior of the whole group, and when the conductor's controlling behavior instructs the followers to stabilize their own emotions, the time to solve the task by the followers was the shortest of all and the degree of confusion was low. Finally, the conductor's personality structure perceived by the follower was familiarity, kindheartness, confidence in his own work, and dignity.
Abstract
In this article, the structure of emotional responses, relationship between those structures and influence of each structure on candidate evaluation were examined in the field of politics. The structure of emotion has been identified as having a two dimensional structure ; that is, emotional responses were clearly clustered into two dimensions orthogonally. Two dimensions are generally identified as the positive and negative emotionalities. These results demonstrate that whatever emotional responses are elicited by any information (cognition), such responses can be grouped into either positive emotionality or negative emotionality. And also results suggest that positive emotion is the more potent consideration influencing the disposition to vote for a candidate - though negative emotion is also a powerful factor. The evidence that there are cultural differences between the effect of positive emotion and of negative emotion was not found. On the other hand, differences in the amount of variance explained with those emotionalities between two countries were found. In another result, it was shown that the correlations between positive and negative emotion were very low in both countries. These results support Abelson et al's findings in 1982 that positive and negative emotion are nearly independent of each other. All of which provides further good evidence to validate the circumflex model.
Abstract
The theory of allocentrism/ideocentrism, developed out of the theory of collectivism/individualism, was examined with regard to children's social interactions. Hypothesized was that the effect of interacting partner's membership (belonging either to ingroup or to outgroup) is much greater among allocentrics than among ideocentrics. 104 6th-grade children (half allocentrics and half ideocentrics) were participated in to provide 10 episodes of peer interaction. The hypothesis was supported by the measures on self-disclosure and interaction quality. The main effect of ideocentrism/allocentrism was minimal in almost all variables of interaction. The theory of ideocentrism/allocentrism not only plays a significant role of verifying the theory of individualism/collectivism but also has the potential of becoming an important dispositional theory.
Abstract
In order to find the internal structure of trait inference, 300 college students rated the co-occurrence probability for each pair of the 78 representative traits. The result of the multidimensional scaling analysis(ALSCAL) showed that the obtained three dimensions(about 10% stress level) could be interpreted as evaluation(e.g., good-bad), activity(e.g., activepassive), and potency(e. g., hard-soft) in terms of the general meaning of language. These results were consitent with the Rosenberg's(1968, 1970, 1972, a, b) main findings. The correspondence between the external and the internal trait structure, the techniques of data collection and analysis and the implications for future study were discussed.
Abstract
This study examined the possible detrimental effects of work-family conflict on the qualities of work and love lives of the male employees in a large corporation. The result showed that work-family conflict may increase the tendency of avoidance in love relationships but does not affect the quality of work at all. The work standards imposed by the society and the work ethics and values possessed by the male employees were suggested as possible explanations for the result.
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to investigate the internal structure of work motivation, the types of the values persued, and the relationship between the two variables. The internal structure of work motivation was measured through the use of expectancy model(Nadler & Lawler, 1977) and the types of the values persued were measured by the scales developed by Park(1991). 7,309 employees from fifteen corporations and six factories in Korea participated in this study. Major significant findings of the internal structure of work motivation were : 1) The higher the individual's position in the organization, the higher her/his levels of effort→performance expectancy(E→P), performance→outcome expectancy(P→O), valence(V), and motivation score computed by these three components ; 2). The level of the P→O expectancy, especially that of the performance→material outcome expectancy, was lowest among the three components. This trend was stronger in the company adopting the fixed wage system than in the company adopting the performance-based wage system. The most significant result of the types of the values persued was the fact that the high positional managers pursued growth-oriented values which were composed of both the individual's personal and the organization's-economic values(e.g., autonomy and diversification), whereas the low postional employees persued maintenance-oriented values which were composed of both the individual's economic and the organization's personal values(e.g., pay and hierarchical control). The most interesting and significant result in this study was the relationship between work motivation and values : while lowly motivated individuals persued maintenance-oriented values, highly motivated individuals persued growth-oriented values. To enhance work motivation two strategies were suggested : 1) Organizational transformation to change an organization should be unfolded in a very. paradoxical way which allows both an organization's economic values and an individual's personal values to be persued simultaneously ; 2) Wage systems should be changed from a fixed system to a performance-based system. Finally, a model of organizational culture based on the values persued in an organization was proposed.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the preference of the reward allocation pattern of the male and female blue collars and male white collar who are in the employ of companies. The most important finding was a general reward allocation pattern that approximated the equity principle. Primary and social rewards were distributed to group members based on their maintenance and task contributions. However, the female blue collar tended less preference of equity norm on both of primary and social rewards at low level of maintenance input. In general, the preference of the reward allocation of the Korean emploies showed equity rule rather than equality rule which has been identified as a characteristic of collectivist culture.